Victimization, Urbanicity, and the Relevance of Context: School Routines, Race and Ethnicity, and Adolescent Violence

Table 2

Hierarchical generalized linear model effects (standard errors) and odds ratio for adolescent victimization in urban schools.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	𝛽 (SE)	OR	𝛽 (SE)	OR	𝛽 (SE)	OR
Within urban schools
Routine activities
School-based academic	.034 (.068)	1.035	.045 (.070)**	1.047	−.163 (.112)^†	.848
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.296 (.170)*	1.344
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.306 (.194)^†	1.358
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.586 (.177)***	1.798
School-based sport	.034 (.037)	1.035	.023 (.037)	1.023	.049 (.071)	1.050
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.106 (.095)	.899
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.015 (.108)	1.015
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.023 (.120)	1.023
School-based club	−.012 (.080)	.987	.026 (.082)	1.027	−.115 (.118)	.890
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.243 (.196)	1.276
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.119 (.187)	1.126
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.240 (.162)	1.271
School-based misbehavior	.328 (.027)***	1.389	.315 (.028)***	1.370	.402 (.054)***	1.495
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.147 (.068)*	.862
Latino American	—	—	—	—	−.102 (.077)	.902
Asian American	—	—	—	—	−.087 (.092)	.916
Race and ethnicity
Black/African American	—	—	−.253 (.187)	.776	−.071 (.262)	.930
Latino American	—	—	−.285 (.193)^†	.751	−.272 (.267)	.761
Asian American	—	—	−.309 (.195)^†	.733	−.595 (.297)*	.551
Student characteristics
Male	—	—	.450 (.117)***	1.568	.431 (.117)***	1.539
Educational achievement	—	—	−.012 (.005)*	.987	−.009 (.005)^†	.990
Family socioeconomic status	—	—	.117 (.078)^†	1.124	.129 (.078)^†	1.138
Family structure	—	—	.118 (.116)	1.126	.124 (.116)	1.133
Family involvement	—	—	.024 (.015)^†	1.024	.020 (.015)	1.020
Between urban schools
Security	.026 (.018)^†	1.026	.027 (.019)	1.028	.027 (.019)	1.027
Extra security for activities	.105 (.229)	1.111	.227 (.206)	1.255	.217 (.201)	1.243
Social disorder	.109 (.034)***	1.115	.134 (.040)***	1.144	.131 (.040)***	1.140
School characteristics
Poverty	—	—	−.001 (.003)	.999	−.001 (.003)	.999
Size	—	—	−.001 (.001)	.999	−.001 (.001)	.999
Percent black/African American students	—	—	−.116 (.286)	.889	−.083 (.287)	.919
Percent Latino American students	—	—	.175 (.266)	1.192	.212 (.268)	1.236
Percent Asian American students	—	—	−.729 (.608)	.481	−.778 (.601)	.459
Intercept	−.827 (.050)***		−.877 (.050)***		−.878 (.050)***
Random effects	Variance	𝑋^2	Variance	𝑋^2	Variance	𝑋^2
	.093***	217.889	.108***	222.435	.112***	222.229

^†𝑃≤.1; ^∗𝑃≤.05; ^∗∗𝑃≤.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃≤.001.
The omitted categories are white American, females, single parent/guardian family structures, and no extra security for selected school activities.