Victimization, Urbanicity, and the Relevance of Context: School Routines, Race and Ethnicity, and Adolescent Violence

Table 3

Hierarchical generalized linear model effects (standard errors) and odds ratio for adolescent victimization in rural schools.

	Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
	𝛽 (SE)	OR	𝛽 (SE)	OR	𝛽 (SE)	OR
Within rural schools
Routine activities
School-based academic	.060 (.060)	1.062	.147 (.066)*	1.158	.144 (.070)*	1.155
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.334 (.205)^†	1.397
Latino American	—	—	—	—	−.541 (.255)*	.582
Asian American	—	—	—	—	1.198 (.571)*	3.315
School-based sport	−.017 (.044)	.982	−.038 (.046)	.961	−.014 (.051)	.985
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.381 (.170)*	.682
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.180 (.158)	1.197
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.031 (.281)	1.031
School-based club	.128 (.068)*	1.137	.177 (.071)**	1.194	.211 (.081)**	1.235
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.282 (.178)^†	.776
Latino American	—	—	—	—	−.004 (.356)	.995
Asian American	—	—	—	—	−.987 (.698)*	.109
School-based misbehavior	.419 (.035)***	1.521	.392 (.035)***	1.480	.411 (.041)***	1.509
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.174 (.095)*	.839
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.025 (.103)	1.025
Asian American	—	—	—	—	−.054 (.184)	.946
Race and ethnicity
Black/African American	—	—	−.123 (.179)	.883	.468 (.254)*	1.598
Latino American	—	—	−.481 (.236)*	.618	−.484 (.306)^†	.616
Asian American	—	—	−.573 (.347)*	.563	−.265 (.662)	.766
Student characteristics
Male	—	—	.649 (.111)***	1.914	.648 (.113)***	1.912
Educational achievement	—	—	−.011 (.006)*	.988	−.011 (.006)*	.988
Family socioeconomic status	—	—	.068 (.083)	1.070	.073 (.083)	1.076
Family structure	—	—	.019 (.138)	1.019	−.011 (.137)	.988
Family involvement	—	—	−.014 (.021)	.985	−.014 (.021)	.985
Between rural schools
Security	−.023 (.026)	.976	−.028 (.028)	.971	−.028 (.029)	.972
Extra security for activities	−.444 (.120)***	.641	−.493 (.139)***	.610	−.493 (.141)***	.610
Social disorder	.017 (.032)	1.017	.022 (.036)	1.022	.024 (.037)	1.025
School characteristics
Poverty	—	—	.001 (.004)	1.001	.001 (.004)	1.001
Size	—	—	−.001 (.001)	.999	−.001 (.001)	.999
Percent black/African American students	—	—	.678 (.414)^†	1.970	.674 (.414)^†	1.963
Percent Latino American students	—	—	−.216 (.492)	.805	−.252 (.520)	.777
Percent Asian American students	—	—	.767 (.618)	2.155	.530 (.644)	1.701
Intercept	−.679 (.057)***		−.709 (.058)***		−.725 (.058)***
Random effects	Variance	𝑋^2	Variance	𝑋^2	Variance	𝑋^2
	.104***	171.073	.121***	172.729	.129***	174.343

^†𝑃≤.1; ^∗𝑃≤.05; ^∗∗𝑃≤.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃≤.001.
The omitted categories are white American, females, single parent/guardian family structures, and no extra security for selected school activities.