Predicting School Bullying Victimization: Focusing on Individual and School Environmental/Security Factors

Table 1

Survey items for measuring school and individual characteristics.

Variables	Survey item(s)	Range	Cronbach’s 𝛼
Security guards	(1) Whether security guards or staff/adults are present in school?	0-1^a
Security equipment I	(1) Whether school has locked door?	0-1^a
Security equipment II	(1) Whether school has security cameras?	0-1^a
Fairness of school rules	(1) School rules are fair, (2) same punishment for breaking rules, and; (3) school rules strictly enforced	1–4^b	.67
Awareness of school rules	(1) Everyone knows school rules	1–4^b
Awareness of punishments	(1) Students know punishments	1–4^b
Gangs at school	(1) Are there any gangs at your school?	0-1^a
Guns at school	(1) Have you known or seen anyone who brought a gun to school?	0-1^a
Students misbehaving	(1) How often are you distracted by students misbehaving?	1–4^c
Teachers’ punishment	(1) How often do teachers punish students?	1–4^c
Type of school	0: public, 1: private school	0-1
School location	0: rural, 1: urban	0-1
Skipping class	(1) Have you skipped classes?	0-1^a
Fighting last 6 months	(1) Have you been in a fight during the last 6 months?	0-1^a
Teacher-student relationship	(1) Teachers treat students with respect; (2) Teachers care about students	1–4^b	.80
Extracurricular activities	(1) During the last school year, have you participated in any of the following extracurricular activities sponsored by your school such as athletics, spirit groups, arts, academics, school governments, service clubs, or other school activities?	0-1^a
GPA	1: F, 2: D, 3: C, 4: B, and 5: A	1–5
Age	Respondent age at the time of survey	12–18
Race	0: white, 1: Nonwhite	0-1
Ethnicity	0: non-hispanic, 1: hispanic	0-1
Sex	0: female, 1: male	0-1
Year	0: 2005, 1: 2007	0-1

a0: no, 1: yes; b1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: agree, and 4: strongly agree; c1: never, 2: almost never, 3: sometimes, and 4: most of the time.