An Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm Based on Adaptive Parameter

Table 1

Functions used to test the effects of ADE.

Function	Function expression
Sphere function	𝑓1(𝑥)=∑^𝑛𝑡=1𝑥^2𝑡
Rastrigin function	𝑓2(𝑥)=∑^𝑛𝑡=1(𝑥^2𝑡−10cos2𝜋𝑥𝑡+10)
Griewank function	𝑓31(𝑥)=4000^𝑛𝑡∑=1(𝑥𝑡−100)^2−∏^𝑛𝑡=1𝑥cos^𝑡−100√𝑡+1
Ackley function	𝑓4(𝑥)=20+𝑒−20𝑒^−0.2(∑𝑛𝑡=1𝑥𝑡2)/𝑛−𝑒^(∑𝑛𝑡=1cos(2𝜋𝑥𝑡))/𝑛
Shaffer's function	𝑓5(𝑥)=0.5+sin𝑥^21+𝑥^22^2−0.51+0.001𝑥^21+𝑥^22^2