Females (8–10 weeks of age) received phytoestrogen-free modified AIN-93G diet or modified AIN-93G diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg of genistein (comparable to human high-soy diet) Diet provided 2 weeks before mating, throughout pregnancy and lactation
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Day 21:similar litter size, wean weight, percent survival, sex ratio; maternal supplementation favored pseudoagouti versus full agouti (yellow coat) phenotype () + ↑ Agouti gene methylation
Agouti gene methylation highly correlated between day 21 and 150 in offspring whose mothers received supplement At week 60: ↓ weight in pseudoagouti versus full agouti mice () Pseudoagouti: normal weight versus full agouti (more obese)
Female Sprague-Dawley rats Diets: control (C, ); control + antioxidant (CAox, ); Western (W, ), high protein + fat (HP + F, ); W + Aox (WAox, )
Female rats received diets from age 4 to 13–15 weeks (end of gestation). Litters culled to 8 pups. Studies performed in male offspring only. At weaning, offered control diet.
End of gestation:↑ gestational weight gain in dams offered W and WAox versus C; similar glucose and food consumption;↑ insulin, free-fatty acid (FFA) and leptin in W versus C, but ↓ in WAox versus W
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Embryos:in W versus C: ↑oxidative stress, ↓ in WAox Birth: similar weight In W versus C: ↑ FFA, insulin and leptin 2 weeks: in W versus C: ↑ fat mass, FFA, insulin, leptin, proadipogenic, and lipogenic genes expression, but↓ in WAox versus W
2 months: in W versus C:↑ total and central fat mass, insulin, leptin, proadipogenic and lipogenic genes expression, but↓ in WAox versus W; ↑ impaired glucose tolerance, but normalized in WAox (similar to C)
At 3 weeks, females rats received obesogenic (0; ) or control (C; ) diets At 90 days, O dams were either continued on O diet () or receiving the C diet (DINT; ) One month after, animals were bred and continued prepregnancy diet throughout pregnancy and lactation Litters culled to 10 pups; pup sex ratio 1 : 1
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90 days:in O and DINT versus C: ↑weight Breeding and delivery: in O versus C: ↑weight, but ↓ in DINT versus O Weaning: in O versus C: ↑leptin, but ↓ in DINT versus O
Birth and weaning: similar morphometric variable Weaning: in O versus C: ↑subcutaneous fat tissue, serum triglycerides, leptin, insulin, but ↓ in DINT versus O; similar glucose despite ↑ insulin (suggesting insulin resistance), but ↓ in DINT versus O
Postnatal day 120: in O versus C: ↑serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, but similar glucose with ↑ insulin in DINT versus C (suggesting partial recovery of insulin resistance) Postnatal day 150: similar body weight In O versus C: ↑ fat and leptin, larger fat cell size In DINT versus C: non-significant ↓ in fat mass and fat cell size
