Maternal Behaviors during Pregnancy Impact Offspring Obesity Risk

Table 3

Final regression models predicting weight for age z-scores in offspring of overweight/obese mothers at birth (𝑁=132) and 6 months (𝑁=121).

Final model predicting weight for age z-scores at birth
	B	CI for B	Beta	P value*	P value GWG**
Prepregnancy BMI	0.005	−0.02, 0.03	0.03	0.73	0.03
Multiparity	0.20	−0.11, 0.50	0.10	0.21	0.13
% kcal from sweets early in preg	0.02	0.003, 0.04	0.19	0.004	0.06
Perceived stress early in preg	0.04	−0.02, 0.09	010	0.18	0.16
Final model predicting weight for age z-scores at 6 months
Prepregnancy BMI	0.009	−0.03, 0.05	0.044	0.639	0.42
Non-Hispanic White (ref: others)	0.12	−0.49, 0.72	0.047	0.706	0.74
% kcal from sweets early in pregnancy Increases in % kcal from protein in preg	0.04	0.02, 0.06	0.296	0.002	0.006
Restraint early in pregnancy	−0.04	−0.09, 0.01	−0.144	0.140	0.12
Increases in perceived stress	0.06	−0.02, 0.13	0.146	0.124	0.19

GWG: gestational weight gain; preg: pregnancy;
BMI: body mass index.
*Adjusted for infant sex, treatment group, recruitment site, weeks of gestation at delivery; 6-month analyses also adjusted for breastfeeding.
**Adjusted for infant sex, treatment group, recruitment site, weeks of gestation at delivery, and total maternal gestational weight gain; 6-month analyses also adjusted for breastfeeding.
Overall omnibus test at birth: F = 3.0; P =  0.004 (with GWG: F = 5.6; P  =  0.0001); at 6 months: F = 4.1; P  =  .0001 (with GWG: F = 3.9; P  =  .0001).