The Role of Glucosamine-Induced ER Stress in Diabetic Atherogenesis

Figure 2

Analysis of aortic root from normoglycemic, STZ-injected hyperglycemic, and STZ-injected insulin-treated ApoE^−/− mice. Hyperglycemic mice show increased vascular O-linked GlcNAc, elevated levels of ER stress markers (GRP78/94), and significantly accelerated atherosclerotic lesion development, relative to normoglycemic controls. Normalization of glucose levels with insulin attenuates O-GlcNAc accumulation, ER stress, and atherogenesis.