Prevention of Diabetic Complications by Activation of Nrf2: Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Nephropathy

Table 1

Nrf2 activators were treated to diabetic animals and cells.

Nrf2 activators	Mechanisms	Target organs	Species	Ways and volume	References
Insulin	Nuclear translocation	Brain endothelial cell	Human	100 nM, 30 min	[23]
		HMEC-1 endothelial cell	Human	4 mol/L, 6–48 h	[13]
		Pancreatic islet; RIN cells	Mice; Rat	40 μg/kg, IP daily, 8 days; 10 μM, 3 h	[24]
Sulforaphane	Disrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 complex nuclear translocation	Kidney	Mice	12.5 mg/kg,; p.o. 16 weeks	[22]
		Mesangial cells	Human	1.25 mmol/L
		Nerve; Neuro2a cell	Rat	0.5 and 1 mg/kg, 6 weeks; 5.5 mM	[25]
Oltipraz	Nuclear translocation	Liver	Mice	150 mg/kg, IP tertian, 5 times	[26]
		Adipose/muscle	Mice	0.75 g/kg p.o., 28 weeks	[27]
tBHQ	Enhance expression and nuclear accumulation	Kidney	Mice	1% p.o., 4 and 12 week	[28]
		Renal mesangial cells	Human	6.25 mmol/L	[22]
MG132	Decrease degradation	Kidney	Rat	10 μg/kg IP, daily, 12 weeks	[8]
PETN	Induce HO-1	Blood vessel	Rat	15 mg/kg/day, p.o. 7 weeks	[29]
LAB	Activate NQO1	Vascular smooth muscle cells; Vessel tissue	Rat	50 μmol/L; 50 mg/kg IP. daily, 15 days	[19]
AGE-BSA	Nuclear translocation	Aortic endothelial cells	Bovine	100 μg mL^−1, 0–24 hours	[30]
Resveratrol	Increase expression	Kidney	Rat	5 mg/kg, p.o., 30 days	[31]
DH404	Disrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 complex	HL-1 cells; Heart	Mice	200 nmol/L, 12 hour; 10 mg/kg, IP., tertian 2 weeks	[20]
CA	Increase the expression	kidney; mesangial cells	Mice; Human	25/50 mg/kg, p.o., 16 weeks; 5 mmol/L	[22]
Telmisartan	Suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase	Kidney	Mice	5 mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks	[32]

Notes. RIN cells: rat pancreatic β-cell line RINm5F; HMEC-1 cells: human microvascular endothelial cells; tBHQ: tert-butylhydroquinone; PETN: pentaerithrityl tetranitrate; LAB: magnesium lithospermate B; AGE-BSA: AGE-modified bovine albumin; CA: cinnamic aldehyde; HL-1 cells: adult murine atrial cardiomyocyte tumor lineage p.o.: diet; IP: intraperitoneal injection.