Fagopyrum tataricum (Buckwheat) Improved High-Glucose-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mouse Hepatocytes and Diabetes in Fructose-Rich Diet-Induced Mice

Table 2

Effect of EEB on hepatic and serum TC, TG, HDL, and LDL levels in FRD-induced rats at week 8.

Groups	Hepatic TG	Hepatic TC	Hepatic HDL-C	Hepatic LDL-C
		Concentration (mg/g)
Normal	298.2±3.6	26.6±1.6	17.9±0.2	373.4±1.2
FRD	385.2±7.1^#	39.5±1.3^#	17.7±0.8	457.2±3.9^#
FRD + quercetin	359.8±4.2^#∗	38.9±2.6^#	16.0±0.3	429.7±4.6^#
FRD + rutin	322.2±7.4^#∗	29.6±1.9^#∗	17.1±0.4	393.1±3.4^#∗
FRD + EEB	310.0±6.2^∗	24.7±1.4^∗	15.7±0.4^∗	378.5±2.0^∗
FRD + quercetin + rutin	317.9±7.3^∗	27.9±1.1^∗	16.7±0.1	359.8±10.1^∗
Groups	Plasma TG	Plasma TC	Plasma HDL-C	Plasma LDL-C
		Concentration (mg/dL)
Normal	124.6±1.7	69.0±1.1	71.8±2.5	126.5±1.5
FRD	238.0±1.1^∗	94.3±3.1^#	52.6±1.6^#	239.5±4.7^#
FRD + quercetin	193.5±6.6^#∗	89.0±5.3^#	54.1±3.7^#	235.5±5.6^#
FRD + rutin	172.0±3.3^#∗	82.7±2.8^#∗	52.5±5.3^#	211.4±1.6^#∗
FRD + EEB	148.5±8.7^#∗	76.6±2.4^#∗	62.8±2.2^#∗	187.5±3.9^#∗
FRD + quercetin + rutin	138.2±6.4^∗	80.5±2.4^#∗	59.4±1.5^#∗	193.2±1.8^#∗

Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinmia in mice were induced by fructose-rich diet (FRD; 60%) for 8 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups (𝑛=12), including (a) control, (b) fructose-rich diet (FRD), (c) FRD + quercetin (3 mg/kg bw), (d) FRD + rutin (11.5 mg/kg bw), (e) FRD + EEB (50 mg/kg bw), and (f) FRD + rutin + quercetin. The doses of rutin and quercetin were equivalent to those administered to the EEB administration group. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. ^#Significant difference from the control group (𝑃<0.05). *Significant difference form the FRD group (𝑃<0.05). The statistics were shown by the 𝑡-test.