TXNIP Links Innate Host Defense Mechanisms to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Retinal Muller Glia under Chronic Hyperglycemia: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy

Figure 6

HG activates autophagy/mitophagy in rMC1. Cells were grown in HG for 5 days under low serum conditions in a four-well slide chamber with media changing for every 48 h and 24 h for the final day. Cells were fixed and stained for (a) beclin 1 antibody and (b) a naïve IgG for control antibody reaction. There are more beclin 1 puncta in HG than in LG. (c) MitoTracker Red staining also reveals more mitochondrial puncta in HG than in LG. (d) LC3B antibody staining shows an increased LC3B level and autophagic puncta formation in rMC1 under HG than in LG. The pictures are representative of 3 separate experiments.