Links between Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction

Table 2

(a) Patients’ characteristics by number of positive CAF tests. (b) Patients’ characteristics by number of positive CAF tests. (c) Patients’ characteristics by antidiabetic therapy.

(a)

Variable	Category	Number of positive CAF tests		All	𝑃 value
		At least one	None
𝑁		61	119	180
Age		48.9±5.3	48.5±6.5	48.6±6.1	0.9372
BMI		31.6±7.3	28.0±5.0	29.2±6.1	0.0032
BMI class	<25	10 (16.4)	35 (29.4)	45 (25.0)	0.0227
	25–30	21 (34.4)	49 (41.2)	70 (38.9)
	≥30	30 (49.2)	35 (29.4)	65 (36.1)
Duration		6.0±5.9	6.4±6.5	6.3±6.3	0.9071
Duration ≥5 years	Not assessed	3 (·)	5 (·)	8 (·)	0.4557
	No	34 (58.6)	60 (52.6)	94 (54.7)
	Yes	24 (41.4)	54 (47.4)	78 (45.3)
Family diabetes	No	11 (18.0)	23 (19.3)	34 (18.9)	0.8336
	Yes	50 (82.0)	96 (80.7)	146 (81.1)
Family hypertension	No	38 (62.3)	71 (59.7)	109 (60.6)	0.7324
	Yes	23 (37.7)	48 (40.3)	71 (39.4)
Fibers		27.6±4.2	27.8±4.0	27.7±4.1	0.9747
HDL-cholesterol		39.1±10.1	42.5±11.3	41.3±11.0	0.0685
HbA1c		7.7±1.4	7.3±1.5	7.4±1.5	0.0292
HbA1c> 6.5%	Not assessed	1 (·)	0 (·)	1 (·)	0.0864
	No	15 (25.0)	45 (37.8)	60 (33.5)
	Yes	45 (75.0)	74 (62.2)	119 (66.5)
HbA1c> 7%	Not assessed	1 (·)	0 (·)	1 (·)	0.0299
	No	25 (41.7)	70 (58.8)	95 (53.1)
	Yes	35 (58.3)	49 (41.2)	84 (46.9)
Height		1.6±0.1	1.7±0.1	1.7±0.1	0.0429
Fibers >30 g/diet	Not assessed	13 (·)	22 (·)	35 (·)	0.8568
	No	26 (54.2)	51 (52.6)	77 (53.1)
	Yes	22 (45.8)	46 (47.4)	68 (46.9)
Hypertension	No	27 (44.3)	78 (65.5)	105 (58.3)	0.0061
	Yes	34 (55.7)	41 (34.5)	75 (41.7)
Lipids >30%	Not assessed	13 (·)	22 (·)	35 (·)	0.0048
	No	28 (58.3)	78 (80.4)	106 (73.1)
	Yes	20 (41.7)	19 (19.6)	39 (26.9)
Metabolic syndrome	No	8 (13.1)	50 (42.0)	58 (32.2)	<0.0001
	Yes	53 (86.9)	69 (58.0)	122 (67.8)

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or %. Two-sided 𝑃 values refer to the Mann-Whitney 𝑈 test for continuous variables and Pearson’s χ ² for categorical variables.

(b)

Variable	Category	Number of positive CAF tests		All	𝑃 value
		At least one	None
Metabolic syndrome score	1	3 (4.9)	13 (10.9)	16 (8.9)	0.0001
	2	5 (8.2)	37 (31.1)	42 (23.3)
	3	18 (29.5)	27 (22.7)	45 (25.0)
	4	23 (37.7)	34 (28.6)	57 (31.7)
	5	12 (19.7)	8 (6.7)	20 (11.1)
Proteins >15%	Not assessed	13 (·)	22 (·)	35 (·)	0.0838
	No	24 (50.0)	34 (35.1)	58 (40.0)
	Yes	24 (50.0)	63 (64.9)	87 (60.0)
Glucides >55%	Not assessed	13 (·)	22 (·)	35 (·)	0.4146
	No	6 (12.5)	8 (8.2)	14 (9.7)
	Yes	42 (87.5)	89 (91.8)	131 (90.3)
Sex	Female	23 (37.7)	40 (33.6)	63 (35.0)	0.5859
	Male	38 (62.3)	79 (66.4)	117 (65.0)
Triglycerides		167.3±92.1	140.9±95.8	149.9±95.1	0.0089
Waist circumference		104.9±17.9	97.8±12.6	100.2±15.0	0.0146
Weight		85.0±21.3	78.1±14.7	80.4±17.5	0.0597

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or %. Two-sided 𝑃 values refer to the Mann-Whitney 𝑈 test for continuous variables and Pearson’s χ ² for categorical variables.

(c)

Antidiabetic therapy	Sex	Patients/total
Diet alone	Male	34/117
	Female	17/63
Diet + metformin	Male	26/117
	Female	25/63
Diet + sulphonylureas or glinides	Male	15/117
	Female	3/63
Diet + metformin+	Male	27/117
sulphonylureas or glinides	Female	8/63
Diet + insulin (basal/bolus)	Male	6/117
	Female	6/63

Notes. (1) The remaining 4 female subjects out of 63 were treated either with Insulin (basal/bolus) plus metformin or with insulin (basal/bolus) plus sulphonylureas or glinides plus metformin).
(2) The remaining 9 male subjects out of 117 were treated either with insulin basal plus glitazones and metformin or with insulin basal plus sulphonylurea and metformin.