Cardiovascular Benefits of GLP-1-BasedTherapies in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Effects on Endothelial and Vascular Dysfunction beyond Glycemic Control

Figure 4

Schematic illustration of GLP-1-receptor-dependent and GLP-1-receptor-independent pathways in the signalling of GLP-1 associated cardiovascular effects (PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA: protein kinase A, PKB: protein kinase B, GSK3ß: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, MEK1/2: components of the MAP kinase cascade, ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, NO: nitric oxide, eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate, PKG: protein kinase G; adapted to [69]).