Aspects of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Obesity and Type 1 Diabetes: An Overview of Ten Years of Studies

Table 1

Synopsis of key inflammatory/oxidative alteration in children with type 1 diabetes and obesity.

Inflammatory/oxidative alteration	Evidence
Pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus
Altered inflammatory status	Elevated baseline IL-6 (and other proinflammatory mediators); exaggerated gene expression of TNFSF 5, 7, and 9, CCL8, and CXCL10 following ex vivo leukocytic TCR and Fc receptor stimulation; exercise-induced changes in IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1α peak more rapidly and in greater magnitude
Altered oxidative stress	Elevated MPO and F2-isoprostanes
Inflammatory status may be induced/exacerbated by hyperglycemic episodes	Elevated IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6 in hyperglycemic T1DM children
Inflammation from hyperglycemia is not fully corrected for following reversion to euglycemia	Progressively elevated inflammatory markers based on past 3-day average glycemia
Inflammation may be mediated by level of immunologic proinflammatory activation, rather than cell numbers	Leukocytosis response is conserved as compared to healthy controls
Pediatric obesity
Elevated inflammatory status	Elevated leukocytes and baseline and exercise-induced IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-2
Altered oxidative status	Elevated MPO and F2-isoprostanes
Reduced exercise-induced growth hormone secretion in
Healthy children	Cappon et al. 1993 [29]
Obese children	Oliver et al. 2010 [26, 31]
Markedly reduced exercise-induced GH secretion in Pediatric obesity following a high-fat meal	Oliver et al. 2012 [32]