Insulin Resistance and Cancer Risk: An Overview of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms

Table 1

Relative risk of association between T2D and cancer, as reported by meta-analysis studies.

Cancer	Number (𝑛) of examined studies	Relative risk (CI 95%)	Reference number
Liver	Case control (𝑛=13)	2.50 (1.80–3.50)	[81]
	Cohort (𝑛=7)	2.51 (1.90–3.20)	[81]
	Cohort (𝑛=18)	2.01 (1.61–2.51)	[82]
Endometrium	Case-control (𝑛=13)	2.22 (1.80–2.74)	[83]
	Cohort (𝑛=3)	1.62 (1.21–2.16)	[83]
Pancreas	Case-control (𝑛=17)	1.94 (1.53–2.36)	[84]
	Cohort (𝑛=19)	1.73 (1.59–1.88)	[84]
	Case-control (𝑛=3)	1.80 (1.50–2.10	[85]
	Cohort (𝑛=35)	1.94 (1.66–2.27)	[86]
Kidney	Cohort (𝑛=9)	1.42 (1.06–1.91)	[87]
Biliary tract	Case-control (𝑛=8) and cohort (𝑛=13)	1.43 (1.18–1.72)	[88]
	Case-control (𝑛=10) and cohort (𝑛=5)	1.60 (1.38–1.87)	[89]
Bladder	Case-control (𝑛=7)	1.37 (1.04–1.80)	[90]
	Cohort (𝑛=3)	1.43 (1.18–1.74)	[90]
Colon-rectum	Case-control (𝑛=6)	1.36 (1.23–1.50)	[91]
	Cohort (𝑛=9)	1.29 (1.16–1.43)	[91]
	Case-control + cohort (𝑛=14)	1.38 (1.26–1.51)	[92]
Esophagus	Case-control (𝑛=6) and cohort (𝑛=11)	1.30 (1.12–1.50)	[93]
N-H lymphoma*	Case-control (𝑛=5)	1.12 (0.95–1.31)	[94]
	Cohort (𝑛=11)	1.41 (1.07–1.88)	[94]
	Case-control (𝑛=10)	1.18 (0.99–1.42)	[95]
	Cohort (𝑛=3)	1.79 (1.30–2.47)	[95]
Breast	Case-control (𝑛=5)	1.18 (1.05–1.32)	[96]
	Cohort (𝑛=15)	1.20 (1.11–1.30)	[96]

* Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.