Obesity and Appetite Control

Table 1

The summary of the role of gut hormones on appetite regulation and other actions.

Gut hormones	Feeding	Receptor	Major secretion site	Other actions
PYY3-36	↓	Y2	L cells in gut	Delays gastric emptying, inhibits gallbladder contraction, pancreatic exocrine secretions, and gastric acid secretion
PP	↓	Y4, Y5	PP cells in pancreas	Delays gastric emptying, attenuates pancreatic exocrine secretion, and inhibits gallbladder contraction
GLP-1	↓	GLP-1	L cells in gut	Incretin, decreases blood glucose, delays gastric emptying, and neurotrophic effect
OXM	↓	GLP-1	L cells in gut	Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
Glucagon	↓	GCGR	Pancreatic α cells	Enhancing physiological response to stress
CCK	↓	CCK 1, 2	I cell of small intestine	Gall bladder contraction, relaxation of sphincter of Oddi, and pancreatic enzyme secretion
Ghrelin	↑	GHS	stomach	Growth hormone secretion, promotes gastric motility, vasodilatation, and increases cardiac contractility
Amylin	↓	AMY1-3	pancreatic β cells	Adiposity signals

PYY: peptide YY, PP: pancreatic polypeptide, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1, OXM: oxyntomodulin, CCK: cholecystokinin, GCGR: glucagon receptor.