Associations of Existing Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes, and Glycosuria with Offspring IQ and Educational Attainment: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Table 2

Associations of preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with School Entry Assessment score, IQ and GCSE results.

	No diabetes/glycosuria	Pre-existing diabetes	Gestational diabetes	Glycosuria
	Reference category	Mean difference; (95% CI)	Mean difference; (95% CI)	Mean difference; (95% CI)
School Entry Assessment  𝑁=6,032	𝑁=5,804	𝑁=21	𝑁=24	𝑁=183
M1	0	−0.76 (−2.05, 0.52)	−0.26 (−1.46, 0.94)	−0.55 (−0.99, −0.11)
M2	0	−0.80 (−2.03, 0.43)	−0.03 (−1.18, 1.13)	−0.36 (−0.79, 0.06)
M3 (𝑁=3,251)^‡	0	0.04 (−1.68, 1.75)	0.30 (−1.12, 1.72)	−0.49 (−1.05, 0.08)
IQ (Total)^†  𝑁=5,282	𝑁=5,079	𝑁=20	𝑁=23	𝑁=160
M1	0	−3.23 (−10.24, 3.78)	−6.98 (−13.52, −0.44)	−2. 16 (−4.67, 0.35)
M2	0	−2.24 (−8.82, 4.35)	−4.85 (−11.02, 1.31)	−1.47 (−3.83, 0.89)
M3 (𝑁=2,853)	0	−0.54 (−9.61, 8.52)	−5.93 (−14.24, 2.38)	−1.78 (−5.02, 1.46)
Verbal IQ^†  𝑁=5,307	𝑁=5,102	𝑁=20	𝑁=24	𝑁=161
M1	0	−1.29 (−8.41, 5.82)	−7.87 (−14.37, −1.37)	−2.19 (−4.73, 0.35)
M2	0	−0.44 (−7.15, 6.27)	−5.95 (−12.09, 0.20)	−1.56 (−3.96, 0.84)
M3 (𝑁=2,865)^‡	0	1.56 (−7.63, 10.74)	−9.92 (−18.34, −1.50)	−2.36 (−5.62, 0.91)
Performance IQ^†  𝑁=5,298	𝑁=5,094	𝑁=20	𝑁=23	𝑁=161
M1	0	−5.50 (−12.89, 1.88)	−3.00 (−9.89, 3.89)	−1.52 (−4.16, 1.12)
M2	0	−4.60 (−11.76, 2.57)	−1.24 (−7.95, 5.47)	−0.90 (−3.46, 1.67)
M3 (𝑁=2,861)^‡	0	−4.01 (−13.80, 5.78)	−0.19 (−9.17, 8.78)	−0.57 (−4.05, 2.91)
	Reference category	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Odds ratio (95% CI)
GCSE: 5+ A*-C (high achievement) 𝑁=7,615	𝑁=7,318	𝑁=26	𝑁=31	𝑁=240
M1	1	0.81 (0.37, 1.79)	0.76 (0.37, 1.56)	0.78 (0.60, 1.02)
M2	1	0.77 (0.34, 1.76)	0.84 (0.40, 1.78)	0.84 (0.64, 1.11)
M3  (𝑁=4,110)^‡	1	0.82 (0.25, 2.71)	0.83 (0.30, 2.31)	0.92 (0.64, 1.32)
GCSE: 0 A*-C (low achievement) 𝑁=7,615	𝑁=7,318	𝑁=26	𝑁=31	𝑁=240
M1	1	2.54 (1.05, 6.19)	1.23 (0.46, 3.26)	1.10 (0.76, 1.60)
M2	1	2.96 (1.17, 7.48)	1.18 (0.43, 3.23)	0.97 (0.66, 1.43)
M3  (𝑁=4,110)^‡	1	5.06 (1.42, 18.10)	1.41 (0.38, 5.21)	1.10 (0.67, 1.79)

M1: Adjusted for sex and maternal age at birth.
M2: As in M1 plus adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal smoking in pregnancy, parity, mode of delivery, maternal education and social class.
M3: As in M2 plus adjustment for gestational age, birth weight standardized for gestational age, and duration of breast feeding.
^†Models for IQ-adjusted for age at assessment.
*Coefficients in the second part of the table are odds ratios (95%CI).
^‡𝑁 is reduced due to missing birth weight and breast feeding data.