| | | All subjects | Subjects with diabetic complications | | | Women
() | Men
() | | Women
() | Men
() | |
| | Age (years) | 62.5 ± 14.0 | 63.8 ± 12.7 | 0.002 | 64.4 ± 13.6 | 66.0 ± 12.1 | 0.001 | | Race/ethnicity | | | | | | | | Non-Hispanic white | 1,753 (74.3) | 1,872 (75.5) | 0.62 | 1,104 (76.4) | 1,245 (77.8) | 0.59 | | Non-Hispanic black | 207 (8.8) | 195 (7.9) | | 132 (9.1) | 124 (7.8) | | | Asian/Pacific Islander | 236 (10.0) | 236 (9.5) | | 119 (8.2) | 131 (8.2) | | | Other | 164 (7.0) | 176 (7.1) | | 90 (6.2) | 100 (6.3) | | | Married | 1,238 (53.3) | 1,924 (78.4) | <0.001 | 742 (52.1) | 1,252 (78.7) | <0.001 | | ≥High school education | 1,640 (71.0) | 1,918 (78.6) | <0.001 | 987 (69.7) | 1,234 (77.9) | <0.001 | | Income ≥ $20,000/year | 931 (51.4) | 1,264 (61.9) | <0.001 | 521 (47.7) | 755 (57.3) | <0.001 | | Smoker | 181 (7.9) | 231 (9.4) | 0.05 | 102 (7.2) | 125 (7.9) | 0.47 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.3 ± 8.2 | 29.7 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 32.3 ± 8.2 | 29.8 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | | Hypertension | 980 (45.0) | 939 (41.0) | 0.008 | 753 (52.1) | 758 (47.4) | <0.001 | | Major depression | 331 (14.1) | 237 (9.6) | <0.001 | 211 (14.7) | 186 (11.6) | 0.01 | | Diabetic complications | | | | | | | | Number of diabetic complications | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 0.006 | | ≥1 diabetic complication | 1,445 (66.3) | 1,600 (69.9) | 0.01 | — | — | — | | Microalbuminuria | 507 (34.4) | 698 (46.7) | <0.001 | 486 (50.5) | 633 (61.3) | <0.001 | | Laboratory testing | | | | | | | | Hemoglobin A1c (12 months) | 2,043 (86.6) | 2,153 (86.9) | 0.77 | 1,366 (94.5) | 1,521 (95.1) | 0.51 | | LDL (12 months) | 1,242 (52.6) | 1,462 (59.0) | <0.001 | 843 (58.3) | 1,082 (67.6) | <0.001 | | Microalbuminuria (24 months) | 1,475 (62.5) | 1,494 (60.3) | 0.11 | 963 (66.6) | 1,032 (64.5) | 0.21 | | Laboratory results | | | | | | | | Mean hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | 0.41 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 0.64 | | Hemoglobin A1c < 7% | 692 (33.9) | 683 (31.7) | 0.14 | 417 (30.5) | 429 (28.2) | 0.17 | | Mean LDL (mg/dL) | 115.9 ± 36.0 | 107.8 ± 33.6 | <0.001 | 112.3 ± 35.3 | 104.9 ± 33.3 | <0.001 | | LDL < 130 mg/dL | 955 (67.3) | 1,259 (75.3) | <0.001 | 671 (70.3) | 969 (78.5) | <0.001 | | Medications | | | | | | | | Statin | 577 (26.5) | 809 (35.4) | <0.001 | 451 (31.2) | 665 (41.6) | <0.001 | | Statin if LDL >130 mg/dL | 110 (24.2) | 122 (31.3) | 0.02 | 81 (29.5) | 93 (36.9) | 0.07 | | ACE inhibitor | 1,238 (56.8) | 1,354 (59.2) | 0.11 | 901 (62.4) | 1,040 (65.5) | 0.07 | | ACE inhibitor if microalbuminuria | 342 (67.5) | 455 (65.2) | 0.41 | 334 (68.7) | 424 (67.0) | 0.54 | | Diet | | | | | | | | ≥5 servings of fruits/vegetables (days/week) | 4.1 ± 2.4 | 3.8 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 4.1 ± 2.4 | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 0.004 | | High fat foods (days/week) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | | Exercise | | | | | | | | ≥30-minute exercise (days/week) | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | | ≥30-minute exercise, 3 times a week | 1,276 (55.3) | 1,568 (63.9) | <0.001 | 730 (51.8) | 989 (62.4) | <0.001 | | Blood glucose testing (days/week) | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.4 ± 2.9 | 0.23 | 4.7 ± 2.8 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 0.34 | | Foot examination (days/week) | 4.7 ± 2.6 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 4.7 ± 2.7 | 0.09 |
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