Review Article

Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress

Figure 3

The branch-off pathways that are activated to dispose excess glucose when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is inactivated by ROS. These five alternative pathways [21, 115], in addition to the electron transport chain shown in Figure 2, are linked to ROS production, thus further exacerbating oxidative stress. Inset shows the polyol pathway. Pathways in the grey area would no longer efficiently break down glucose when GAPDH is inactivated by posttranslational modifications.
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