Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Patients with Diabetes: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Comorbidity
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic elderly patients.
All subjects
Type 2 diabetes with MCI
Type 2 diabetes without MCI
Type 2 diabetes with depressive syndrome
Type 2 diabetes without depressive syndrome
Type 2 diabetes with MCI and depressive syndrome
Type 2 diabetes without MCI and depressive syndrome
Number of patients
276
87 (31.5%)
189 (68.5%)
82 (29.7%)
194 (70.3%)
25 (9.1%)
251 (90.9%)
Male/female
127/149
34/53
93/96
15/67
112/82#
4/21
123/128
Age (years)
73.6 ± 4.8
75.7 ± 4.6
72.6 ± 4.6*
74.4 ± 5.0
73.2 ± 4.7
78.0 ± 5.3
73.1 ± 4.5
Education years
11.3 ± 2.4
9.7 ± 1.8
12.0 ± 2.2*
11.2 ± 2.4
11.3 ± 2.3
9.5 ± 1.7
11.5 ± 2.3
Marital status: single/married
127/149 (46.01%)
45/42
82/107
58/24
69/125#
21/4
106/145
Current smoking
19 (6.88%)
6 (6.89%)
13 (6.87%)
13 (15.8%)
6 (3.09%)#
4 (16%)
15 (5.97%)
Had ever smoked
93 (33.7%)
26 (29.8%)
67 (35.4%)
47 (57.3%)
46 (23.7%)#
14 (56%)
79 (31.4%)∧
Lack of physical activity (%)
105 (38.04%)
26 (29.88%)
79 (41.79%)
57 (69.51%)
48 (24.74%)#
14 (56%)
91 (36.25%)
Duration of DM2 (years)
8.69 ± 6.23
11.25 ± 6.29
7.51 ± 5.85*
10.83 ± 6.72
7.78 ± 5.8#
12.8 ± 6.23
8.28 ± 6.09∧
BMI (Kg/m2)
29.9 ± 3.67
30.4 ± 3.59
29.6 ± 3.68
32.03 ± 3.6
29.02 ± 3.32#
31.8 ± 3.2
29.7 ± 3.6
HbA1c (%)
7.24 ± 0.68
7.73 ± 0.71
7.01 ± 0.54*
7.35 ± 0.77
7.19 ± 0.64
8.02 ± 0.68
7.16 ± 0.63
CHOL (mmol/L)
10.3 ± 2.18
10.31 ± 2.2
10.29 ± 1.71
11.59 ± 2.19
9.75 ± 1.93#
10.75 ± 2.1
10.25 ± 2.18
LDL (mmol/L)
6.06 ± 1.67
6.01 ± 1.64
6.08 ± 1.73
6.93 ± 1.83
5.69 ± 1.5#
6.54 ± 1.89
6.01 ± 1.68
TG (mmol/L)
9.65 ± 2.23
10.59 ± 2.68
9.22 ± 1.84*
9.82 ± 2.4
9.58 ± 2.16
11.33 ± 2.63
9.48 ± 2.12
HDL (mmol/L)
2.5 ± 0.51
2.3 ± 0.6
2.67 ± 0.42*
2.52 ± 0.47
2.57 ± 0.53
2.15 ± 0.45
2.59 ± 0.5
Treatment
Insulin
130 (47.1%)
42 (48.2%)
88 (46.5%)
60 (73.2%)
70 (36.0%)#
19 (76%)
111 (44.2%)∧
OAD
222 (80.4%)
71 (81.6%)
151 (79.8%)
66 (80.4%)
157 (80.9%)
20 (80%)
212 (84.4%)
Complications
Previous CVD
109 (39.5%)
71 (81.6%)
38 (20.1%)*
33 (40.2%)
76 (39.17%)
23 (92%)
86 (34.2%)
Stroke
14 (5.07%)
7 (8.04%)
7 (3.7%)
7 (8.53%)
7 (3.6%)
5 (20%)
9 (3.58%)
Previous HA or use of HA drugs
213 (77.17%)
80 (91.95%)
138 (73.01%)*
60 (73.17%)
153 (78.86%)
21 (84%)
192 (76.49%)
Hyiperlipidemia
218 (78.9%)
81 (93.1%)
132 (69.8%)*
76 (92.6%)
142 (73.2%)#
24 (96%)
194 (77.3%)∧
Microvascular complication
Retinopathy
121 (43.8%)
61 (70.1%)
60 (31.7%)*
35 (42.6%)
86 (44.32%)
18 (72%)
103 (41.0%)
Nephropathy
97 (35.1%)
43 (49.4%)
54 (28.5%)*
27 (32.9%)
70 (36.08%)
11 (44%)
86 (34.26%)
Neuropathy
56 (20.2%)
20 (22.9%)
36 (19.04%)
33 (40.2%)
23 (11.8%)#
10 (40%)
46 (18.4%)∧
Co-morbidity ()
4.66 ± 3.11
7.07 ± 3.22
3.55 ± 2.33 *
6.43 ± 3.07
3.91 ± 2.81#
9 ± 2.82
4.22 ± 2.79
Hypoglycemia
117 (42.3%)
60 (68.9%)
57 (30.1%)*
60 (73.1%)
57 (29.3%)#
22 (88%)
95 (37.8%)
MoCA score
25.6 ± 3.07
21.6 ± 1.5
27.4 ± 1.3*
26.01 ± 3.2
25.5 ± 2.9
21.8 ± 1.7
25.9 ± 2.9
GDS-30 score
6.8 ± 6.5
7.2 ± 6.2
6.7 ± 6.6
15.9 ± 2.8
3 ± 2.7#
16 ± 2.7
5.9 ± 6.07
Katz BADL score
4.96 ± 0.2
5 ± 0.2
4.96 ± 0.2
4.96 ± 0.1
5 ± 0.2
4.96 ± 0.2
4.96 ± 0.2
Lawton IADL score
7.9 ± 0.1
8 ± 0.1
7.9 ± 0.07
7.9 ± 0.1
8 ± 0.07
7.96 ± 0.2
7.9 ± 0.08
, comparing participants with MCI and those without MCI, #, comparing participants with depressive syndrome and without depressive syndrome, and , ∧, comparing participants with MCI and depressive syndrome and without MCI and depressive syndrome. DM2: diabetes type 2, OAD: oral antidiabetic drug, CVD: cardiovascular disease, HA: hypertension, BMI: body mass index, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale, BADL: Basic Activities of Daily living, and IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. The Student -test, Mann-Whitney test, or Chi-square test was used to test for significant differences.
