Association and Predictive Value Analysis for Resting Heart Rate and Diabetes Mellitus on Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in General Population

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of subjects.

Variable	Entire sample	Subjects without CAN	Subjects with CAN	𝑃 value*
Demographic information
𝑁	2096	1705	387
Age (years)	60.42±8.68	59.85±8.64	62.94±8.43	<0.001
Gender male, (%)	705 (33.7%)	562 (32.96%)	143 (36.95%)	0.134
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.21±3.37	24.07±3.28	24.84±3.7	<0.001
WC (cm)	85.07±9.77	84.47±9.62	87.72±9.99	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	127.62±18.77	126.39±18.22	133.05±20.19	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79.83±9.74	79.5±9.65	81.31±10.01	0.001
Medical history
Smoking yes, (%)	306 (14.63%)	244 (14.31%)	62 (16.02%)	0.390
MetS yes, (%)	833 (39.82%)	629 (36.89%)	204 (52.71%)	<0.001
HT yes, (%)	976 (46.65%)	735 (43.11%)	241 (62.27%)	<0.001
DM yes, (%)	446 (21.33%)	307 (18.02%)	139 (35.92%)	<0.001
Laboratory measurement
FPG (mmol/L)	5.53±1.82	5.40±1.58	6.12±2.54	<0.001
PBG (mmol/L)	7.67±3.63	7.36±3.3	9.07±4.6	<0.001
HbAlc (%)	6±1.08	5.89±0.92	6.47±1.54	<0.001
FINS (𝜇ml/L)	7.19±11.86	6.74±8.03	9.18±21.71	<0.001
IR (mmol/L)	1.81±3.31	1.64±2.13	2.54±6.22	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	5.32±1	5.31±0.98	5.39±1.05	0.142
TG (mmol/L)	1.71±0.98	1.67±0.93	1.9±1.17	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.36±0.32	1.36±0.33	1.34±0.32	0.203
LDL (mmol/L)	3.19±0.77	3.18±0.76	3.23±0.81	0.229
SCr (𝜇mol/L)	77.81±26.11	77.65±26.96	78.51±21.98	0.561
UA (𝜇mol/L)	281.21±84.01	280.13±83.47	285.99±86.26	0.216
HRV indices
HR (bpm)	72.42±10.13	70.77±9.08	79.7±11.26	<0.001
TP (ms^2)	873.95±702.47	1000.63±693.2	315.87±410.75	<0.001
LF (ms^2)	190.98±207.88	224.34±215.08	43.97±57.29	<0.001
HF (ms^2)	183.05±219.43	215.11±229.61	41.82±59.63	<0.001
LF/HF	1.70±1.98	1.55±1.48	2.37±3.32	<0.001

Note: *presents the difference between subjects with and without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PBG: plasma blood glucose; FINS: fasting blood insulin; IR: insulin resistance; TC: serum total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCr: serum creatinine; HR: heart rate; TP: total power of variance; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; MetS: metabolic syndrome; DM: diabetes; HT: hypertension.