Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome

Table 5

Summary of selected clinical trials in which IL-6 level has been measured as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.

Number	Subjects	Exercise intensity	Measured parameters	Results
181	24 insulin resistant obese individuals	Six months of moderate intensity exercise plus hypocaloric diet	IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, hsCRP, and insulin sensitivity	Plasma leptin and IL-6 decreased. TNF-α tended to decrease. Adiponectin increased in diabetics
182	56 obese women and 40 age-matched normal weight	One year of increased physical activity (at least 1 h walk 3 times/wk) plus energy restricted diet	Proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, P-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 plus glucose, and lipid profile	Proinflammatory cytokines were higher in obese individuals; Weight reduction was associated with decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α
183	15 athletes participants in an ultradistance foot race	246 Km Spartathlon	IL-6, CRP, SAA, free plasma DNA, and lipid profile	IL-6 (8000 fold), CRP, SAA, and free plasma DNA levels increased at the end of this acute exercise
184	49 white obese school aged children	A combined protocol of energy restriction and increased physical activity for 3 weeks	Indexes of obesity, IL-6, leptin, estradiol, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR	All determined parameters decreased significantly during 3-week program
185	17 healthy young women (YW) and 8 postmenopausal women (PMW)	Five sets of six maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors	CK, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and PGE2	For YW, IL-6 and IL-10 values increased 72 h after eccentric exercise
186	11 endurance athletes	Two experimental trials consisted of 90 min run at 75% of VO2 max	IL-6, free Hb, haptoglobin, hepcidin, and iron parameters	Serum iron and IL-6 significantly increased after exercise
187	60 overweight/obese diabetic patient randomized to exercise or control groups	16-week aerobic exercise training consisting of four 45–60 min sessions/week (50–60% of VO2 max)	Insulin resistance, plasma levels of resistin, IL-6, FBS, and lipid profile	Exercise training decreased both plasma IL-6 and IL-18

BP: blood pressure; FBS: fasting blood sugar; Hb: hemoglobin; HR: heart rate; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; SAA: serum amyloid A; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule.