Research Article
Cross Talk between Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Table 1
Demographic characteristics and inflammatory markers in our sample. Bold cells denote statistically significant associations.
| | Nonproliferative DR/non-CSME () | Proliferative DR/non-CSME () | Nonproliferative DR/CSME () | Proliferative DR/CSME () | value |
| | Mean ± standard deviation | | Age (years) | 67.3 ± 12.9 | 66.4 ± 9.9 | 67.2 ± 8.6 | 66.0 ± 11.2 | 0.772 | Duration of DM (years) | 13.5 ± 6.4 | 18.8 ± 8.8 | 15.2 ± 8.0 | 17.6 ± 6.9 | 0.001 | BMI | 30.9 ± 7.8 | 30.4 ± 6.7 | 30.2 ± 5.5 | 31.1 ± 6.9 | 0.981 |
| | (%) | | Male sex | 61 (53.0) | 25 (73.5) | 30 (66.7) | 5 (35.7) | 0.032 | Hypertension | 41 (38.0) | 22 (64.7) | 31 (68.9) | 10 (76.9) | <0.001 |
| | Mean ± standard deviation | | Leptin (ng/mL) | 27.2 ± 33.9 | 22.7 ± 24.4 | 21.8 ± 21.7 | 27.9 ± 20.6 | 0.391 | Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 10389.3 ± 6373.1 | 10566.7 ± 6165.8 | 11646.2 ± 7270.7 | 15712.1 ± 8702.9 | 0.179 | Sialic acid (μM) | 3365.8 ± 778.2 | 3139.7 ± 396.2 | 3052.3 ± 527.9 | 3613.7 ± 729 | 0.051 | ApoA (g/L) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.203 | ApoB (g/L) | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.0001 | ApoB/ApoA | 0.39 ± 0.32 | 0.54 ± 0.18 | 0.57 ± 0.22 | 0.54 ± 0.17 | 0.0003 | Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 10.5 ± 10 | 9.5 ± 5.8 | 11.4 ± 5.9 | 10.1 ± 5.2 | 0.135 | VEGF (pg/mL) | 335.5 ± 235.3 | 431.0 ± 270.4 | 451.9 ± 283.6 | 508.7 ± 349.4 | 0.017 | IL-1α (pg/mL) | 12.2 ± 14.8 | 12.0 ± 12.7 | 16.7 ± 34.2 | 9.3 ± 6.7 | 0.734 | IL-1β (pg/mL) | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.968 | IL-1ra (pg/mL) | 13.9 ± 22.6 | 10.8 ± 10.8 | 11.7 ± 16.9 | 11.3 ± 13.2 | 0.949 | IL-4 (pg/mL) | 10.0 ± 13.5 | 6.4 ± 11.4 | 8.5 ± 11.0 | 8.2 ± 12.7 | 0.052 | IL-6 (pg/mL) | 6.5 ± 14.9 | 3.6 ± 8 | 6.0 ± 10.0 | 3.2 ± 4.5 | 0.380 | IL-10 (pg/mL) | 3.6 ± 8.8 | 4.8 ± 12.3 | 3.6 ± 6.8 | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 0.821 | TNF-α (pg/mL) | 11.5 ± 9.4 | 15.3 ± 8.3 | 15.2 ± 11.2 | 17 ± 13.8 | 0.003 |
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DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index; DR: diabetic retinopathy; CSME: clinically significant macular edema; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; IL: interleukin.
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