Cross Talk between Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and inflammatory markers in our sample. Bold cells denote statistically significant associations.

	Nonproliferative DR/non-CSME; ()	Proliferative DR/non-CSME; ()	Nonproliferative DR/CSME; ()	Proliferative DR/CSME; ()	value
	Mean ± standard deviation
Age (years)	67.3 ± 12.9	66.4 ± 9.9	67.2 ± 8.6	66.0 ± 11.2	0.772
Duration of DM (years)	13.5 ± 6.4	18.8 ± 8.8	15.2 ± 8.0	17.6 ± 6.9	0.001
BMI	30.9 ± 7.8	30.4 ± 6.7	30.2 ± 5.5	31.1 ± 6.9	0.981
	(%)
Male sex	61 (53.0)	25 (73.5)	30 (66.7)	5 (35.7)	0.032
Hypertension	41 (38.0)	22 (64.7)	31 (68.9)	10 (76.9)	<0.001
	Mean ± standard deviation
Leptin (ng/mL)	27.2 ± 33.9	22.7 ± 24.4	21.8 ± 21.7	27.9 ± 20.6	0.391
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	10389.3 ± 6373.1	10566.7 ± 6165.8	11646.2 ± 7270.7	15712.1 ± 8702.9	0.179
Sialic acid (μM)	3365.8 ± 778.2	3139.7 ± 396.2	3052.3 ± 527.9	3613.7 ± 729	0.051
ApoA (g/L)	1.4 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.5	0.203
ApoB (g/L)	0.5 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.2	0.0001
ApoB/ApoA	0.39 ± 0.32	0.54 ± 0.18	0.57 ± 0.22	0.54 ± 0.17	0.0003
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	10.5 ± 10	9.5 ± 5.8	11.4 ± 5.9	10.1 ± 5.2	0.135
VEGF (pg/mL)	335.5 ± 235.3	431.0 ± 270.4	451.9 ± 283.6	508.7 ± 349.4	0.017
IL-1α (pg/mL)	12.2 ± 14.8	12.0 ± 12.7	16.7 ± 34.2	9.3 ± 6.7	0.734
IL-1β (pg/mL)	1.0 ± 1.3	0.7 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.9	0.968
IL-1ra (pg/mL)	13.9 ± 22.6	10.8 ± 10.8	11.7 ± 16.9	11.3 ± 13.2	0.949
IL-4 (pg/mL)	10.0 ± 13.5	6.4 ± 11.4	8.5 ± 11.0	8.2 ± 12.7	0.052
IL-6 (pg/mL)	6.5 ± 14.9	3.6 ± 8	6.0 ± 10.0	3.2 ± 4.5	0.380
IL-10 (pg/mL)	3.6 ± 8.8	4.8 ± 12.3	3.6 ± 6.8	2.7 ± 3.3	0.821
TNF-α (pg/mL)	11.5 ± 9.4	15.3 ± 8.3	15.2 ± 11.2	17 ± 13.8	0.003

DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body Mass Index; DR: diabetic retinopathy; CSME: clinically significant macular edema; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; IL: interleukin.