Cross Talk between Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Table 3
Results of the multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis. Bold cells denote statistically significant associations.
Variable
Category/increment
PDR/non-CSME versus ref.
NPDR/CSME versus ref.
PDR/CSME versus ref.
RR (95% CI)
p value
RR (95% CI)
p value
RR (95% CI)
p value
Core model: clinical variables
Male sex
Male versus female
2.08 (0.85–5.09)
0.106
1.54 (0.72–3.28)
0.263
0.30 (0.08–1.11)
0.072
Duration of diabetes
One-year increase
1.10 (1.04–1.16)
0.001
1.04 (0.99–1.09)
0.166
1.09 (1.01–1.18)
0.037
Hypertension
Yes versus no
2.91 (1.25–6.80)
0.013
3.52 (1.65–7.48)
0.001
6.83 (1.70–27.39)
0.007
Serum parameters alternatively introduced to the model†
Apo-B
0.1 g/L increase
1.20 (1.06–1.36)
0.003
1.27 (1.14–1.42)
<0.001
1.20 (1.01–1.43)
0.039
Apo-B/Apo-A
0.1 increase
1.18 (1.01–1.38)
0.038
1.24 (1.08–1.42)
0.002
1.25 (0.99–1.59)
0.059
VEGF
100 pg/mL increase
1.15 (0.99–1.35)
0.072
1.17 (1.02–1.35)
0.026
1.24 (1.02–1.50)
0.034
TNF-alpha
10 pg/mL increase
1.59 (1.01–2.50)
0.046
1.68 (1.10–2.56)
0.015
2.07 (1.20–3.59)
0.009
PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; CSME: clinically significant macular edema; RR: relative ratio; CI: confidence interval; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. ref.: nonproliferative/non-CSME patients, set as reference category; †: adjusted for the parameters included in the core model (male sex, duration of disease, and hypertension).
