Dairy Consumption and Insulin Resistance: The Role of Body Fat, Physical Activity, and Energy Intake

Table 2

Mean differences in the potential confounders across the dairy intake categories.

HOMA	Dairy consumption categories
	Low consumption		Moderate consumption		High consumption
	= 68		= 136		= 68
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (years)	39.8	3.2	40.0	2.9	40.7	3.0	1.94	0.1455
Weight (kg)	65.8	11.1	66.8	9.3	64.9	10.2	0.83	0.4352
Body fat (%)	31.8	7.0	31.6	7.0	31.8	6.8	0.04	0.9568
Energy intake (kJ/day)	482.4	85.0	493.7	69.0	491.9	80.2	0.52	0.5958
Physical activity (counts)^*	275.2	79.2	266.8	80.8	271.3	72.4	0.28	0.7590
Carbohydrate intake (g)	278.2	65.5	293.6	48.1	295.7	51.4	2.32	0.1000
Protein intake (g)	68.0^a	16.9	70.8^a	13.9	77.5^b	14.4	7.57	0.0006
Fat intake (g)	73.7	17.8	71.5	17.3	66.9	19.9	2.53	0.0814
Insoluble fiber (g/4184 kJ)	3.8	2.3	3.6	1.6	4.1	2.0	1.90	0.1512
Soluble fiber (g/4184 kJ)	1.7	0.9	1.6	0.9	1.7	0.8	0.22	0.8040

Activity counts were divided by 10,000 to make the values more manageable. An activity count of 275.2 means that the group had 2.752 million activity counts for the week.
Fiber intake is expressed as grams per 4184 kJ (g per 1000 kcal), as is dairy consumption.
None of the results were statistically significant except protein intake. Means on the same row with different superscript letters were significantly different ( < 0.05).
Low consumption included women with dairy intake at or below the 25th percentile. Moderate consumption included those whose dairy intake was between the 25th and 75th percentiles. High consumption included those with dairy intake at or above the 75th percentile. Mean dairy consumption for the low, moderate, and high consumption categories were 0.2 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.4, and 2.4 ± 0.9 servings per day, respectively.
Because “education” was a categorical variable, the relationship between dairy intake and education was analyzed using Chi-square. The results showed no association between the two variables ( = 0.4524).