Review Article

Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development

Box 3

Sample exercise rationale and instructions.
Introduction
 In this exercise, we will focus on identifying and re-experiencing three positive events that happened in the past week.
It makes sense to analyze bad events so that we can learn from them and avoid them in the future. However, it can be easy to
overdo this focus on the negative, and this can be a set-up for continued anxiety and depression. One way to keep this from
happening is to develop our ability to think about the good in life.
 Most of us are not nearly as good at savoring and appreciating good events as we are at analyzing bad events, so
this is a skill that needs practice. As you become better at focusing on the good in your life,  it may become easier to feel
even more grateful for what you have and more hopeful about the future.
 The following exercise will ask you to identify three good things in your life that occurred in the past week. These positive
events may have gone unnoticed in the difficulties and chaos of the past week. However, by looking back carefully and
specifically for good things that may have happened, you may be surprised to find that there were small (or even large)
positive events and blessings to be counted.
 This is a skill that takes practice, and after this exercise we will encourage you to keep working to “bookmark” and identify
positive events. As a positive event happens, stop for a moment and allow yourself to experience it. Maintaining this
focus on the present—being “mindful” of each moment—can really make a big difference. By working to stay present and aware
of what is happening right now, you may find it much easier to appreciate a good thing that is happening—and easier to get
out of a cycle of sadness, resentment, or disappointment. Life can feel richer, brighter, and more interesting as you get
practice identifying and savoring good events.
 As you get skilled at focusing your attention on pleasant moments that happen during the day—a kind gesture
from someone, a greatly-appreciated visit, good news about family or friends—you may even find it much easier to
use these skills once the good things in your life are more obvious.
Instructions
 Take 10–15 minutes to complete this exercise. Use this time to write down three things that went well this week. Use the
space below to write about the events—it is important that you have a physical record of what you wrote. The things you
list can be relatively small in importance (“I enjoyed my lunch today”) or relatively large in importance (“My sister gave
birth to a healthy baby boy”).
As you write, follow these instructions:
() Give the event a title (e.g., “sister remembered my birthday”)
() Write down exactly what happened in as much detail as possible, including what you did or said, and if other people
   were involved, what they did or said.
() Record how this event made you feel at the time. Use the most specific positive emotional words to describe how you
   felt: Joy? Satisfaction? Relief?
() Record how this event made you feel now as you remember it.
 Some important tips:
 The goal of the exercise is to remember the good event and then enjoy the good emotions that come with it. Don’t analyze
the event itself in too much detail—the important thing here is being able to: (a) experience and savor the positive emotion,
and then (b) name and describe that positive feeling (like joy, pride, relief, or contentment) as specifically as
possible—not just that you felt “good.”
 To help you describe the good feelings you experienced, refer to the list of Ten Positive Emotions. If you find yourself
focusing on negative feelings, turn your mind away from the negative thought. Instead, put your focus back on the good
event and the positive feelings that came along with it. This can take effort, and you may have to bring your focus back
again and again. But with continued practice this gets easier and can make a real difference in how you feel.