Journal of Diabetes Research / 2015 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective Table 1 List of human studies dealing with GDF-15 levels in obesity and diabetes.
Disease/population/follow-up period Sample size Major findings Reference T1DM patients with diabetic nephropathy (8.1 years) 451 GDF-15 can be used to detect faster deterioration of kidney function [21 ] Obese nondiabetic (XENDOS) trial (4 years follow Up period) 496 GDF-15 is altered among patients having abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and independently associated with future insulin resistance and abnormal glucose control [22 ] Morbidly obese patients 118 GDF-15 changes following bariatric surgery suggest an indirect relationship between GDF-15 and insulin resistance [23 ] Type 2 diabetes (whitehall II study) (11.5 ± 3.0 years follow up period) 552 Baseline GDF-15 concentrations were increased in individuals before type 2 diabetes manifestation [24 ] Patients with obesity and/or obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus 54 Elevated GDF-15 levels in patients with obesity are further increased by the presence of T2DM [25 ] Preeclampsia and diabetic pregnancies 267 GDF-15 is dysregulated, both in preeclampsia and in diabetic pregnancies [26 ] Patients with T2DM included in screened for the presence of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) T2DM ( = 213) GDF-15 represents a useful and novel tool to screen diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) in patients with type 2 DM [27 ] Diabetic nephropathy T2DM ( = 30), microalbuminuria ( = 20), macroalbuminuria ( = 30) patients Suggesting its value in early diagnosis, evaluation, and prediction of the outcomes of type 2 diabetic nephropathy [28 ]