Roles of Pyruvate, NADH, and Mitochondrial Complex I in Redox Balance and Imbalance in β Cell Function and Dysfunction

Figure 1

The three key roles of mitochondrial complex I: NADH oxidation and recycling, superoxide production, and proton pumping. Electrons from NADH are transported to CoQ via seven Fe-S clusters with the terminal one being N2 [6]. Superoxide could be produced at both the FMN-dependent site and the CoQ-dependent site [132].