Roles of Pyruvate, NADH, and Mitochondrial Complex I in Redox Balance and Imbalance in β Cell Function and Dysfunction

Figure 5

Pathways of NADH production during glucose combustion. These are the glycolytic pathway, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and the TCA cycle. Under diabetic conditions, the polyol pathway also becomes a significant pathway for NADH production that can further perturb the redox balance between NADH and NAD⁺.