Roles of Pyruvate, NADH, and Mitochondrial Complex I in Redox Balance and Imbalance in β Cell Function and Dysfunction

Figure 6

The two redox shuttles transporting cytosolic NADH into mitochondria. These are malate/aspartate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle. The former is reversible and only transports NADH when cytosolic NADH levels are high; the latter is irreversible and can transport NADH from cytosol to mitochondria even when cytosolic NADH levels are low.