Exposure to Common Food Additive Carrageenan Alone Leads to Fasting Hyperglycemia and in Combination with High Fat Diet Exacerbates Glucose Intolerance and Hyperlipidemia without Effect on Weight
Table 1
mRNA expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α following exposure to carrageenan, high fat diet, and the combination of HFD + carrageenan.
Tissue
Adipose
Muscle
Liver
Fold-change (±S.D.)
CGN
HFD
HFD + CGN
CGN
HFD
HFD + CGN
CGN
HFD
HFD + CGN
IL-6
1.73*** (0.15)
1.09 (0.087)
1.78*** (0.16)
1.52** (0.11)
0.92 (0.06)
1.50** (0.20)
2.81*** (0.23)
1.10 (0.084)
2.84*** (0.21)
MCP-1
2.07*** (0.018)
1.02 (0.099)
2.01*** (0.21)
1.49** (0.11)
1.18 (0.12)
1.52** (0.15)
2.29*** (0.17)
1.36 (0.24)
2.67*** (0.15)
TNF-α
1.07 (0.085)
1.76*** (0.10)
1.82*** (0.14)
1.06 (0.073)
1.06 (0.12)
1.17 (0.24)
1.50** (0.17)
1.26* (0.055)
1.77*** (0.059)
*: For compared to control; **: for p<0.01 compared to control, and ***: for compared to control.
