Impact of Gender on the Association of Epicardial Fat Thickness, Obesity, and Circadian Blood Pressure Pattern in Hypertensive Patients
Table 2
The clinical characteristics and ambulatory blood pressure measurements of the study population in females.
Without hypertension
With essential hypertension
ANOVA
Normal weight ()
Normal weight ()
Obese ()
value
Age (years)
52.9 ± 12.2
53.6 ± 11.9
54.7 ± 11.0
0.680
Body mass index (kg/m2)
21.9 ± 2.03
22.3 ± 1.92
27.8 ± 2.58
<0.001
Office systolic BP (mmHg)
126.7 ± 17.9
132.9 ± 16.1
139.8 ± 15.7
0.036
Office diastolic BP (mmHg)
77.1 ± 11.4
80.7 ± 12.8
82.6 ± 14.3
0.043
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)
94.0 ± 9.48
100.8 ± 24.4
99.3 ± 24.2
0.422
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)
13.2 ± 1.23
13.4 ± 1.59
13.5 ± 1.56
0.608
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
180.8 ± 47.6
184.8 ± 42.7
196.4 ± 40.8
0.126
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
105.0 ± 42.3
110.2 ± 32.8
110.0 ± 35.2
0.790
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
53.5 ± 12.9
47.6 ± 11.2
44.4 ± 9.33
0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
124.0 ± 64.0
135.5 ± 89.0
143.5 ± 89.1
0.571
HR daytime (/min)
72.2 ± 13.9
76.0 ± 13.0
78.2 ± 9.38
0.014
BPs daytime (mmHg)
119.8 ± 7.89
143.5 ± 12.8
145.4 ± 14.6
<0.001
BPd daytime (mmHg)
75.0 ± 5.13
92.1 ± 9.51
93.3 ± 11.6
<0.001
HR nighttime (/min)
61.7 ± 6.47
66.1 ± 11.3
65.2 ± 9.95
0.052
BPs nighttime (mmHg)
108.6 ± 20.0
133.2 ± 15.0
133.7 ± 16.8
<0.001
BPd nighttime (mmHg)
67.3 ± 6.06
82.2 ± 12.6
82.3 ± 11.2
<0.001
24-hour mean HR (/min)
70.6 ± 7.26
73.9 ± 9.49
75.4 ± 9.54
0.015
24-hour mean HR variation
14.3 ± 6.58
14.2 ± 5.18
14.3 ± 7.03
0.982
24-hour systolic BP (mmHg)
117.7 ± 7.78
140.7 ± 12.4
142.2 ± 14.7
<0.001
24-hour diastolic BP (mmHg)
72.6 ± 4.60
89.6 ± 8.93
90.4 ± 11.0
<0.001
24-hour systolic BP variation
14.1 ± 4.02
15.8 ± 4.34
17.1 ± 4.49
0.002
24-hour diastolic BP variation
11.0 ± 3.66
13.3 ± 4.28
14.5 ± 4.92
<0.001
Nondipper
3 (7%)
56 (43.4%)
39 (51.3%)
<0.001
All values are presented as the mean ± SD. EFT: epicardial fat thickness; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; BPs: systolic blood pressure; BPd: diastolic blood pressure; versus normotensive normal weight; versus hypertensive normal weight.
