Direct medical and nonmedical costs + intervention costs
QALYs
(a) Health system perspective: cost saving (lifestyle versus placebo) cost saving (metformin versus placebo); (b) societal perspective: the ICER was 3,235$US/QALY (lifestyle versus placebo)
−50,273€/QALY gained; the ICER of 9-year risk for developing T2D was −1416€ Lifestyle guidance offered by practice nurses was not more effective in reducing these risks than the provision of general health brochures
For women QALY losses were lower and cost increases were lower; among men, the net costs were larger and QALYs lost were higher in all three treatments than in controls
BLC: brief lifestyle counselling; DALY: Disability Adjusted Life Year; DASH: dietary approach to stop hypertension; EBLC: enhanced brief lifestyle counselling; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; MetS: metabolic syndrome; QALY: Quality Adjusted Life Year; VAS: visual analog scale; 15D: 15-Dimension. According to authors conclusions about the value of one or more interventions to control obesity or prevent type 2 diabetes. One study used WHO benchmark to justify the conclusion as mentioned in bracket.