Research Article
Sex Differences in the Renal Function Decline of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
The baseline characteristics of the overall study population and separated by sex.
| | | All subjects | Males | Females | value | | | () | () | () |
| | Age (years) | 50.8 ± 9.1 | 49.9 ± 9.5 | 53.2 ± 7.6 | 0.001 | | Age at diagnosis of diabetes (years) | 45.6 ± 9.5 | 44.6 ± 9.7 | 48.0 ± 8.7 | 0.003 | | Diabetes duration (years) | 5.3 ± 6.1 | 5.3 ± 6.3 | 5.2 ± 5.4 | 0.924 | | Diabetic retinopathy | | | | | | No retinopathy (%) | 279 (81.1) | 210 (85.0) | 69 (71.1) | 0.008 | | NPDR (%) | 56 (16.3) | 33 (13.4) | 23 (23.7) | | | PDR (%) | 9 (2.6) | 4 (1.6) | 5 (5.2) | | | HbA1c (%) | 9.7 ± 2.6 | 9.7 ± 2.7 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 0.688 | | HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 83.0 ± 28.5 | 82.6 ± 29.3 | 84.0 ± 26.5 | 0.692 | | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.5 ± 24.0 | 95.1 ± 21.7 | 99.9 ± 28.9 | 0.140 | | Proteinuria (%) | 98 (28.5) | 72 (29.1) | 26 (26.8) | 0.693 | | SBP (mmHg) | 139.5 ± 24.1 | 136.9 ± 22.6 | 146.2 ± 26.4 | 0.002 | | DBP (mmHg) | 85.5 ± 13.6 | 85.0 ± 13.1 | 86.7 ± 14.7 | 0.279 | | Hypertension (%) | 180 (52.3) | 118 (47.8) | 62 (63.9) | 0.008 | | Total-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | | LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | | HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.002 | | Dyslipidemia (%) | 278 (80.8) | 190 (76.9) | 88 (90.7) | 0.004 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.3 | 24.1 ± 4.1 | 24.7 ± 4.7 | 0.227 | | Overweight (%) | 134 (39.0) | 89 (36.0) | 45 (46.4) | 0.086 | | Ever-smoker (%) | 202 (58.7) | 184 (74.5) | 18 (18.6) | <0.001 | | Therapy components | | | | | | Hypoglycemic agents | | | | | | Oral hypoglycemic agents (%) | 97 (28.2) | 58 (23.5) | 39 (40.2) | 0.003 | | Insulin (%) | 20 (5.8) | 15 (6.1) | 5 (5.2) | 1.000 | | Antihypertensive agents | | | | | | ACE inhibitors or ARBs (%) | 18 (5.3) | 11 (4.5) | 7 (7.4) | 0.286 | | Others (%) | 30 (8.7) | 17 (6.9) | 13 (13.4) | 0.059 | | Hypolipidemic agents | | | | | | Statins (%) | 22 (6.4) | 6 (2.4) | 16 (16.7) | <0.001 | | Fibrates (%) | 12 (3.5) | 4 (1.6) | 8 (8.3) | 0.005 | | Others (%) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | 1.000 |
|
|
Data are presented as means ± SD or number (%).
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.
|
