Sex Differences in the Renal Function Decline of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 4

Metabolic profiles during the observation period.

Baseline

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

Clinical parameters

Abnormal level

Β

SE

P value

OR

95% CI

P value

HbA1c (%)

Males

9.7 ± 0.2

7.5 ± 0.1

7.5 ± 0.1

7.5 ± 0.1

7.7 ± 0.1

7.7 ± 0.1

0

—

—

1

—

—

Females

9.8 ± 0.3

7.6 ± 0.1

7.5 ± 0.1

7.6 ± 0.1

7.4 ± 0.1

7.4 ± 0.1

0.25

0.14

0.084

1.66

1.09–2.53

0.018

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

Males

82.6 ± 1.9

58.8 ± 1.3

59.1 ± 1.1

58.9 ± 1.1

60.3 ± 1.1

61.0 ± 1.1

0

—

—

1

—

—

Females

84.0 ± 2.7

60.1 ± 1.6

58.7 ± 1.5

59.4 ± 1.6

58.0 ± 1.3

57.3 ± 1.3

2.65

1.55

0.087

1.66

1.09–2.53

0.018

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

Males

3.2 ± 0.1

3.0 ± 0.1

3.0 ± 0.1

3.0 ± 0.1

3.1 ± 0.1

3.1 ± 0.1

0

—

—

1

—

—

Females

3.6 ± 0.1

3.4 ± 0.1

3.5 ± 0.1

3.5 ± 0.1

3.3 ± 0.1

3.2 ± 0.1

0.31

0.08

<0.001

1.96

1.39–2.76

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

Males

136.9 ± 1.4

133.6 ± 1.3

133.6 ± 1.1

134.1 ± 1.2

136.4 ± 1.2

135.9 ± 1.1

0

—

—

1

—

—

Females

146.2 ± 2.7

136.6 ± 2.4

135.9 ± 1.9

137.1 ± 1.7

134.5 ± 2.0

135.0 ± 1.8

−2.00

1.62

0.218

0.82

0.58–1.16

0.252

The longitudinal data were described only up to year 5 of the observation period, in which the sample size was sufficiently large to calculate the mean and SE values for the metabolic profiles.
Data are presented as means ± SE.
Abnormalities of HbA1c (≥7.0%, i.e. ≥53.0 mmol/mol), LDL-cholesterol (≥3.4 mmol/L), and SBP (≥140 mmHg).
versus males analyzed by Student’s -test.
Longitudinal analyses for the entire observational period (8.1 ± 1.4 years) were adjusted for age, diabetes duration, DR, proteinuria, overweight, ever-smoker, HbA1c (except for first and second model), LDL-cholesterol (except for third model), and SBP (except for fourth model).