Par-4/NF-κB Mediates the Apoptosis of Islet β Cells Induced by Glucolipotoxicity

Figure 7

ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction prompts Par-4/NF-κB expression in the nucleus, increasing apoptosis of islet β cells after the high glucose/palmitate intervention. ① ER stress promotes the secretion of Par-4; ② the secretion of Par-4 increases ER stress; ③ mitochondrial dysfunction drives the translocation of Par-4 into the nucleus and induces cell apoptosis; ④ Par-4 translocates into the nucleus and induces cell apoptosis via the cell membrane pathway.