The Association between HbA1c and Cardiovascular Disease Markers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Community with and without Diagnosed Diabetes
Table 2
Characteristics of a remote Indigenous Australian community over 15 years old stratified by HbA1c categories.
Without a prior diabetes diagnosis
With a prior diagnosis of diabetes
value
<5.7%
5.7–5.9%
6.0–6.4%
≥6.5%
4.9–15.6%
(%)
420
347
195
67
158
Age
27 (21–34)
31 (23–39)
39 (29–47)
39 (32–53)
48 (40–55)
<0.001
Men, %
64
59
48
42
34
<0.001
HbA1c, %
5.5 (5.3–5.6)
5.8 (5.7–5.9)
6.1 (6.0–6.2)
6.9 (6.7–7.8)
8.0 (6.6–9.8)
<0.001
SBP, mmHg
115 (105–125)
118 (107–128)
120 (109–132)
123 (112–133)
123 (112–141)
<0.001
Cholesterol, mmol/L
4.6 (3.9–5.2)
4.7 (4.1–5.4)
4.7 (4.0–5.5)
4.9 (4.1–5.9)
4.7 (4.0–5.4)
0.569
HDL chol, mmol/L
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
1.2 (1.0–1.5)
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
1.2 (1.0–1.3)
<0.001
LDL chol, mmol/L
2.5 (2.0–3.1)
2.6 (2.1–3.2)
2.6 (2.0–3.2)
2.5 (1.8–3.2)
2.2 (1.8–3.0)
0.213
BMI, kg/m2
20.5 (18.6–24.8)
21.2 (19.0–25.0)
24.2 (21.2–28.6)
27.1 (23.0–31.7)
27.5 (23.0–31.7)
<0.001
Waist, cm
81 (73–90)
83 (74.4–93)
93 (83–102)
99 (92–109)
102 (93–111.3)
<0.001
ACR, g/mol
1.37 (0.8–5.0)
1.74 (0.8–6.3)
4.50 (1.5–17.7)
11.68 (2.3–48.3)
31.29 (5.8–101.9)
<0.001
Triglycerides, mmol/L
1.2 (0.9–1.8)
1.3 (0.9–2.0)
1.7 (1.3–2.5)
2.8 (2.0–4.0)
2.5 (1.7–3.3)
<0.001
CRP, mg/L
4 (2–7)
5 (2–9)
7 (4–13)
10 (5–17)
10 (6–16)
<0.001
eGFR, mL/min/1.73
114.2 (102–124)
112.5 (100–122)
104.8 (91–118)
105.5 (92–117)
94.3 (82–109)
0.900
Current smoker, %
74
74
70
70
64
0.140
Microalbuminuria, %
23
27
38
40
34
<0.0001
Macroalbuminuria, %
6
7
19
27
47
<0.0001
Hypertension, %
15
20
34
40
67
<0.0001
Dyslipidaemia, %
30
37
57
69
80
<0.0001
Number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months
High (>15)
10.2 (43)
14.4 (50)
21.5 (42)
20.9 ()
34.8 (55)
<0.0001
Moderate (5–15)
35.7 (150)
34.5 (130)
41.5 (81)
52.2 (35)
42.4 (67)
<0.0001
Low (<5)
54.0 (227)
48.1 (167)
36.9 (72)
26.9 ()
22.8 (36)
<0.0001
CVD history
2.9 ()
2.6 ()
8.2 ()
9.0 ()
12.0 ()
<0.0001
Median (25th–75th percentiles) unless otherwise stated. SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; BMI, body mass index; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. % (). Geometric mean (95% CI). ACR 3.4–33 g/mol. ACR ≥ 34 g/mol. Dyslipidaemia was defined by a previous diagnosis of high cholesterol, taking cholesterol management medication, or having total cholesterol ≥ 5.5 mmol/L or HDL < 1.0 mmol/L. Hypertension was defined if the participant had a previous diagnosis of hypertension in their health records, was taking antihypertensive medication, or had elevated levels in the baseline examination (≥140 mmHg systolic, ≥90 mmHg diastolic).
