Risk Factors for Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Older Adults with Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing

Table 3

Multivariate binomial regression models exploring independent associations between microvascular complications and predictor variables.

Predictor	⁢Model 1		⁢Model 2		⁢Model 3
	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p
Age
50–64 years	1		1		1
65–74 years	0.8 (0.6, 1.2)	0.4	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.4	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.3
75+ years	0.7 (0.5, 1.1)	0.1	0.7 (0.5, 0.9)	0.02	0.6 (0.5, 0.9)	0.01
Gender
Male	1		1		1
Female	1.0 (0.8, 1.4)	0.9	1.1 (0.7, 1.3)	0.8	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.9
Education
Primary/less	1		1		1
Secondary	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.4	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.5	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.5
Third/higher	0.6 (0.4, 0.8)	0.007	0.5 (0.4, 0.9)	0.02	0.6 (0.4, 0.9)	0.02
Duration of diagnosis
0–4 years	1		1		1
5–9 years	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	0.3	1.1 (0.8, 1.6)	0.5	1.1 (0.8, 1.7)	0.5
10+ years	2.0 (1.5, 2.7)	0.000	1.8 (1.4, 2.5)	0.000	1.9 (1.4, 2.5)	0.000
Ever smoked
No			1		1
Yes			1.4 (1.1, 2.0)	0.03	1.4 (1.1, 2.0)	0.02
Physical activity
Low			1		1
Medium			0.7 (0.6, 1.0)	0.1	0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.1
High			0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	0.001	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	0.003
Hypertension
No					1
Yes					1.5 (1.1, 2.1)	0.006
High cholesterol
No					1
Yes					1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.9

Indicating report of at least one microvascular complication (leg ulcer, protein in urine, neuropathy, retinopathy, or damage to kidneys).
Variables entered in Model 1: age, sex, education, and years since diagnosis.
Variables entered in Model 2: age, sex, education, years since diagnosis, smoking status, and physical activity.
Variables entered in Model 3: age, sex, education, years since diagnosis, smoking status, physical activity, doctor diagnosed hypertension, and doctor diagnosed high cholesterol.