Diabetes Mellitus and Increased Tuberculosis Susceptibility: The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Figure 5

Butyrate transcriptionally influences cytokine responses to Mtb, possibly mediated through IL-10. (a) Cytokine gene expression levels in PBMCs preincubated with 50 μM C4 for 1 h prior to stimulation with Mtb lysate or LPS for 4 h, as measured by qPCR. The box plot represents median with first and third quartiles; the whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. to 10, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, representative of 2+ independent experiments. . (b) To block translation, PBMCs were preincubated with cycloheximide (CHX) for 1 h prior to 1 h incubation with C4 (50 μM). TNF-α transcript levels were measured by qPCR 4 h after stimulation with Mtb lysate or LPS. Data are single values ( to 7), using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, representative of 3 independent experiments. . (c) To block IL-10 activity, PBMCs were preincubated with IL-10 and C4 (50 μM) for 1 h. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β production was measured by ELISA after 24 h of stimulation with Mtb lysate. Data are means ± SEM ( to 12), using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, representative of 4 independent experiments.