Diabetic Retinopathy Is Strongly Predictive of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Modified Composite Autonomic Scoring Scale (subscores in cardiovagal and adrenergic domains).

Cardiovagal
0	Normal
1	HR_DB mildly reduced but >50% of minimum
2	HR_DB reduced to <50% of minimum or HR_DB + VR reduced
3	Both HR_DB and VR reduced to <50% of minimum
Adrenergic
0	Normal
1	Early phase II reduction >20 but <40 mmHg MBP (30–40 if >50 years)
	Late phase II does not return to baseline
	Pulse pressure reduction to ≤50% of baseline
2	Early phase II reduction >40 mmHg MBP
3	Early phase II reduction >40 mmHg + absent late phase II and phase IV

HR_DB: heart rate response to deep breathing; VR: Valsalva ratio; MBP: mean blood pressure.