Brain Activation and Psychomotor Speed in Middle-Aged Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Relationships with Hyperglycemia and Brain Small Vessel Disease
Table 1
Characteristics of participants () and associations with median response time while performing the task (DSST) in the scanner (Spearman or Pearson). Measures are from day of MRI (2010–2013) unless otherwise specified.
Mean ± SD or (%)
Correlation coefficient, values
Demographic characteristics
Age at MRI (years)
49.04 ± 6.89
−0.37, <0.001
Education (years)
15 ± 2
−0.09, 0.38
Female
42 (48%)
0.12, 0.27
Diabetes-related factors and complications
T1D duration at MRI (years)
40.80 ± 6.26
0.28, 0.01
Age at T1D diagnosis (years)
8.24 ± 4.25
0.18, 0.10
Serum glucose (mg/dL)
177.52 ± 90.68
−0.06, 0.61
HbA1c (%)
7.96 ± 2.32
0.15, 0.17
HbA1c months (AU)
971.15 ± 374.24
0.32, <0.001
Confirmed distal symmetric polyneuropathy
38 (48%)
0.38, <0.001
Overt nephropathy
23 (32%)
0.33, <0.001
Proliferative retinopathy
39 (45%)
0.36, <0.001
MRI measures
Correct median response time (ms)
1353.39 ± 322.12
—
White matter hyperintensity volume (% total brain volume)
0.002 ± 0.003
0.24, 0.02
White matter hyperintensity severity, Fazekas rating = 3
10 (11%)
0.25, 0.02
Cognitive measures
NAART (verbal IQ estimate)
108 ± 7
−0.17, 0.14
Digit symbol substitution test, number complete in 90 seconds (pencil and paper test)
