Ethnic Minorities with Diabetes Differ in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Diabetes-Distress
Table 2
Demographic characteristics and prevalence rates of high EK10- and PAID5-scores of respondents divided by ethnicity ().
Characteristic
Overall ()
Native Dutch ()
Moroccan ()
Turkish ()
Surinamese ()
Other ()
Missing ()
n (%) or mean (SD)
n (%) or mean (SD)
n (%) or mean (SD)
n (%) or mean (SD)
n (%) or mean (SD)
n (%) or mean (SD)
Gender
Men
315 (55.3%)
147 (51.8%)
43 (58.9%)
17 (53.1%)
34 (54.0%)
65 (60.2%)
Women
255 (44.7%)
137 (48.2%)
30 (41.1%)
15 (46.9%)
29 (46.0%)
43 (39.8%)
Mean age (SD)
58.5 (14.0)
60.4 (15.2)
52.2 (13.9)
52.2 (15.5)
59.1 (11.8)
59.6 (12.9)
HbA1c % (mmol/mol)
7.8% (62)
7.7% (61)
8.0% (64)
8.6% (70)
8.3% (67)
7.6% (60)
BMI
30.1 (6.5)
29.6 (6.7)
30.3 (7.2)
34.7 (5.9)
30.4 (5.2)
29.8 (6.2)
Socioeconomic status
Nonlow
360 (62.5%)
205 (72.2%)
24 (32.9%)
12 (37.5%)
41 (65.1%)
74 (68.5%)
Low
205 (35.6%)
79 (27.8%)
49 (67.1%)
19 (59.4%)
22 (34.9%)
34 (31.5%)
Type 1 DM
140 (24.5%)
93 (32.7%)
21 (28.8%)
4 (12.5%)
6 (9.5%)
15 (14.2%)
Type 2 DM
422 (74.8%)
189 (66.3%)
52 (71.2%)
28 (87.5%)
57 (90.5%)
89 (84.0%)
LADA
4 (0.7%)
2 (0.7%)
—
—
—
2 (1.9%)
Comorbid diseases
None
251 (43.3%)
126 (44.5%)
37 (52.9%)
17 (53.1%)
19 (30.6%)
42 (40.0%)
1 or more
324 (55.1%)
157 (55.5%)
33 (47.1%)
15 (46.9%)
43 (69.4%)
63 (60.0%)
Complications
None
208 (36.2%)
105 (37.1%)
24 (33.3%)
16 (50.0%)
19 (30.6%)
37 (34.6%)
1
218 (37.9%)
100 (35.3%)
34 (47.2%)
8 (25.0%)
24 (38.7%)
45 (42.1%)
2 or more
149 (25.9%)
78 (27.6%)
14 (19.4%)
8 (25.0%)
19 (30.6%)
25 (23.3%)
EK10 depression ≥ 20 (%)
13.5%
9.4%
27.3%
34.5%
20.4%
6.3%
EK10 anxiety ≥ 1 (%)
37.8%
32.1%
57.6%
51.6%
50.8%
29.1%
PAID5 ≥ 8 (%)
19.3%
12.5%
42.6%
34.5%
22.0%
15.4%
Did not report ethnicity in questionnaire. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. All other reported ethnic backgrounds. compared to native Dutch. compared to all other ethnic backgrounds.
