Views and Experiences of New Zealand Women with Gestational Diabetes in Achieving Glycaemic Control Targets: The Views Study
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of women who participated in the survey.
Characteristics
Women with less tight1 glycaemic treatment targets (% or ±20)
Women with tighter2 glycaemic treatment targets (% or ±40)
Women total (% or ±60)
Age (years)4
34 (±4.3)
32 (±4.5)
33 (±4.5)
Primigravida (G1P0)3
9 (45)
18 (45)
27 (45)
BMI category5,3
Normal
8 (40)
13 (32.5)
21 (35)
Overweight
5 (25)
6 (15)
11 (18.3)
Obese (class I)
2 (10)
9 (22.5)
11 (18.3)
Obese (class II)
2 (10)
6 (15)
8 (13.3)
Obese (class II)
3 (15)
6 (15)
9 (15)
Total obese
7 (35)
21 (52.5)
28 (46.6)
Ethnicity6,3
European
12 (60)
12 (30)
24 (40)
Māori
—
6 (15)
6 (10)
Asian
7 (35)
15 (37.5)
22 (36.7)
Pacific Peoples
—
7 (17.5)
7 (11.6)
MELAA
1 (5)
—
1 (1.7)
Highest educational qualifications after leaving school7,3
(1) No qualification
1 (5)
2 (5)
3 (5)
(2) Level 1 certificate
—
2 (5)
2 (3.3)
(3) Level 2 certificate
2 (10)
2 (5)
4 (6.7)
(4) Level 3 certificate
2 (10)
4 (10)
6 (10)
(5) Level 4 certificate
—
4 (10)
4 (6.7)
(6) Level 5 and level 6 diploma
4 (20)
9 (22.5)
13 (21.7)
(7) Bachelor degree and level 7 qualification
8 (40)
17 (42.5)
25 (41.6)
(8) Postgraduate and honours degree
1 (5)
—
1 (1.7)
(9) Master’s degree
2 (10)
—
2 (3.3)
NZ deprivation index8,3
1 (least deprived)
3 (15)
5 (12.5)
8 (13.5)
2
2 (10)
3 (7.5)
5 (8.4)
3
2 (10)
3 (7.5)
5 (8.4)
4
4 (20)
6 (15)
10 (16.7)
5
2 (10)
5 (12.5)
7 (11.8)
6
1 (5)
1 (1.7)
2 (3.4)
7
2 (10)
3 (7.5)
5 (8.5)
8
3 (15)
3 (7.5)
6 (10)
9
1 (5)
4 (10)
5 (8.7)
10 (most deprived)
—
6 (15)
6 (10)
Lead maternity carer (LMC)9,3
Midwife
19 (95)
36 (90)
55 (91.7)
Obstetrician
1 (5)
—
1 (1.7)
Hospital team
—
4 (10)
4 (6.7)
Gestational age at GDM diagnosis4 (weeks)
27.7 (±1.9)
27.9 (±2.0)
27.8 (±2.0)
Time of self-testing capillary blood glucose for (weeks)4
7.6 (±2.5)
6.4 (±2.1)
6.8 (±2.3)
Previous GDM3
4 (20)
6 (15)
10 (16.7)
Previous hypertension3
2 (10)
—
2 (3.3)
Current hypertension
—
3 (7.5)
3 (5)
Family history of hypertension3
8 (45)
16 (40)
24 (40)
Family history of diabetes3
7 (35)
20 (50)
27 (45)
Current smoker3
—
3 (7.5)
3 (15)
Current treatment3
Diet only
7 (35)
11 (27.5)
18 (30)
Insulin and diet
2 (10)
11 (27.5)
13 (21.7)
Metformin and diet
5 (25)
12 (30)
17 (28.3)
Insulin, metformin, and diet
6 (30)
6 (15)
12 (20)
1Less tight glycaemic treatment targets for women with GDM: fasting blood glucose < 5.5 mmol/L, 1 hour postprandial < 8.0 mmol/L, and 2 hours postprandial < 7.0 mmol/L; 2tighter glycaemic treatment targets for women with GDM: fasting blood glucose ≤ 5.0 mmol/L, 1 hour postprandial ≤ 7.4 mmol/L, and 2 hours postprandial ≤6.7 mmol/L; 3figures are numbers and percentages; 4figures are mean and standard deviation; 5BMI categories: underweight < 18.50, normal range ≥ 18.55–24.99, overweight ≥ 25.00–29.99, obese (class I) ≥ 30.00–34.99, obese (class II)—severe obese ≥ 35.00–39.99 and obese (class II)—morbid obese ≥ 40.00 (according to WHO and Ministry of Health categories) [44, 45]; 6as categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups for major ethnic groups. MELAA is an acronym for Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/infographic-culture-identity.aspx); 7as categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/qstats-education-training/highest-qualification.aspx); 8as categorised by New Zealand 2013 Deprivation Index, University of Otago, Department of Public Health. Deprivation score was unknown for one woman, as her address had no meshblock listed (http://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/departments/publichealth/research/hirp/otago020194.html); 9a lead maternity carer (LMC) in New Zealand provides lead maternity care (is in charge). This can be either a midwife, obstetrician, or GP (https://www.midwife.org.nz/in-new-zealand/contexts-for-practice).
