Association between Hemoglobin Levels and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Electronic Health Records
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients in NDPN and DPN groups.
Characteristics
NDPN ()
DPN ()
value
Male/female
626/661
117/107
0.321
Diabetes duration (years)
7.20 ± 6.15
10.31 ± 7.48
<0.001
Age (years)
58.61 ± 11.16
66.58 ± 9.92
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
24.39 ± 3.68
23.50 ± 3.97
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
132.06 ± 20.54
134.72 ± 22.25
0.036
DBP (mmHg)
72.44 ± 12.01
69.75 ± 12.69
0.002
PP (mmHg)
59.64 ± 18.35
64.97 ± 19.44
<0.001
TC (mmol/L)
4.90 ± 1.36
4.63 ± 1.33
0.003
TG (mmol/L)
2.45 ± 2.78
1.88 ± 1.42
<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.17 ± 0.37
1.16 ± 0.33
0.580
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.78 ± 1.01
2.75 ± 0.99
0.438
FBG (mmol/L)
10.68 ± 5.05
11.78 ± 5.88
0.005
HbA1c (%)
9.40 ± 2.48
10.10 ± 2.67
<0.001
Hb (g/L)
131.62 ± 18.32
118.54 ± 16.91
<0.001
RDW (%)
13.14 ± 1.22
13.25 ± 1.30
0.417
WBC (∗×1012/L)
6.71 ± 2.35
7.43 ± 2.98
<0.001
Neutrophil count (∗×109/L)
4.49 ± 2.22
5.40 ± 2.83
<0.001
Lymphocyte count (∗×109/L)
1.69 ± 0.68
1.44 ± 0.58
<0.001
NLR
3.15 ± 2.70
4.58 ± 4.23
<0.001
PT
12.50 ± 1.18
13.10 ± 1.96
<0.001
APTT
31.36 ± 5.79
32.94 ± 8.65
0.031
INR
1.03 ± 0.08
1.07 ± 0.18
0.002
Fibrinogen (mmol/L)
3.54 ± 1.23
4.45 ± 1.63
<0.001
Urinary ACR (mg/g)
212.53 ± 23.76
432.12 ± 71.36
<0.001
Cr (μmol/L)
71.11 ± 45.42
89.91 ± 58.10
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
94.28 ± 25.05
77.64 ± 28.01
<0.001
ABI
1.04 ± 0.13
0.94 ± 0.24
<0.001
VPT (V)
12.98 ± 4.75
36.30 ± 8.91
<0.001
VPT >25 V (%)
0 (0)
224 (100)
<0.001
Abnormal pricking sensation
662 (51.44)
151 (67.41)
<0.001
Abnormal nylon monofilament
0 (0)
20 (8.93)
<0.001
Two abnormal DPN screening
0 (0)
151 (67.41)
<0.001
Three abnormal DPN screening
0 (0)
16 (7.14)
<0.001
CHD (%)
100 (7.77)
38 (16.96)
<0.001
CI (%)
232 (18.03)
72 (32.14)
<0.001
HT (%)
650 (50.51)
144 (64.29)
<0.001
DF (%)
61 (4.74)
53 (23.66)
<0.001
PVD (%)
90 (6.99)
63 (28.13)
<0.001
DR (%)
145 (11.27)
48 (21.43)
<0.001
DN (%)
427 (33.18)
118 (52.68)
<0.001
Note: DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; NDPN: no diabetic peripheral neuropathy; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; Hb: hemoglobin; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; WBC: white blood cell; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PT: prothrombin time; APTT: activated partial thrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; ACR: microalbumin to creatinine ratio; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ABI: ankle-brachial index; VPT: vibration perception threshold; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: cerebral infarction; HT: hypertension; DF: diabetic foot; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DN: diabetic nephropathy; continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD and categorical variables as percentage; ; compared with NDPN group.
