Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels Are Associated with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients by quartiles of serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations.
Variables
Q1 (<8.9 ng/mL)
Q2 (8.9–13.9 ng/mL)
Q3 (13.9–18.1 ng/mL)
Q4 (≥18.1 ng/mL)
value
n
71
85
77
81
—
Sex (M/F)
40/31
51/34
50/27
55/26
0.462
Age (years)
53.0 ± 10.5
53.2 ± 12.4
52.4 ± 12.4
50.9 ± 12.4
0.614
BMI (kg/m2)
25.8 ± 3.7
25.3 ± 4.1
25.5 ± 2.9
25.0 ± 3.4
0.086
SBP (mmHg)
138.8 ± 20.2
136.8 ± 14.3
131.5 ± 17.5a
133.5 ± 18.2
0.052
DBP (mmHg)
83.2 ± 11.4
85.5 ± 10.3
82.6 ± 8.6
83.0 ± 10.3
0.235
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.5 ± 1.1
4.4 ± 1.1
4.2 ± 0.9
4.4 ± 1.0
0.300
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
2.2 ± 1.7
1.9 ± 1.8
1.9 ± 1.3
1.9 ± 1.4
0.485
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.1 ± 0.3
1.2 ± 0.4a
1.1 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 0.2
0.064
LDL-C (mmol/L)
3.0 ± 0.8
2.8 ± 0.9
2.6 ± 0.8a
2.6 ± 0.8a
0.028
Uric acid (μmol/L)
284.6 ± 91.1
266.5 ± 76.8
284.1 ± 92.7
275.3 ± 80.0
0.484
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)
47.8 ± 36.3
38.0 ± 15.0ab
37.2 ± 12.4a
31.3 ± 9.8a
0.000
Osteocalcin (ng/mL)
13.4 ± 5.7
13.9 ± 5.1
12.8 ± 6.1
13.9 ± 5.3
0.665
FBG (mmol/L)
8.0 ± 3.4
7.9 ± 2.7
7.9 ± 2.8
8.7 ± 3.2
0.318
HbA1c (%)
10.2 ± 1.2
10.0 ± 1.3b
9.6 ± 1.6ab
8.6 ± 1.4a
0.000
Diabetes duration (months)
112.5 ± 87.9
98.0 ± 86.6
84.8 ± 71.0a
82.3 ± 75.4a
0.085
Calcium (mmol/L)
2.22 ± 0.13
2.31 ± 0.10a
2.32 ± 0.10a
2.31 ± 0.10a
0.000
Carotid IMT (mm)
1.23 ± 0.40
1.19 ± 0.31bc
1.06 ± 0.22ab
0.93 ± 0.17a
0.000
Carotid plaque [n (%)]
40 (56.3%)b
58 (68.2%)b
48 (62.3%)b
32 (39.5%)
0.002
Smoking history [n (%)]
27 (38.0%)
29 (34.1%)
22 (28.6%)
24 (29.6%)
0.586
Family history of DM [n (%)]
37 (52.1%)
39 (45.9%)
30 (39.0%)
44 (54.3%)
0.217
Hypertension history [n (%)]
30 (42.3%)
39 (45.9%)
31 (40.3%)
29 (35.8%)
0.614
Data are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and number (percentages) for dichotomous variables. Differences were assessed by the LSD-t-test (for continuous variables) and by the chi-square test (for categorical variables). 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin c; carotid IMT: carotid intima-media thickness; aanalysis of variance with LSD-t-test or chi-square test: versus group Q1; banalysis of variance with LSD-t-test or chi-square test: versus group Q4; canalysis of variance with LSD-t-test or chi-square test: versus group Q3.
