Maternal Dietary Patterns and Gestational Diabetes Risk: A Case-Control Study
Table 2
Characteristics of patients in an Iranian GDM case-control study between 2009 and 2010, Tehran, Iran.
Characteristics
Controls
Cases
valuea,b
Age (years), mean ± SD
29.76 ± 4.26
29.64 ± 4.52
0.81
Gestational age (week), mean ± SD
31.19 ± 3.53
29.39 ± 4.74
<0.0001
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD
24.64 ± 3.32
27.25 ± 3.82
<0.0001
Energy intake (kcal), mean ± SD
2672 ± 706
2818 ± 755
0.06
Physical activity (METs-h/d), mean ± SD
21.75 ± 26.37
12.92 ± 16.43
0.001
Family history of diabetes, n (%)
89 (33.46)
66 (54.55)
<0.0001
Supplement use a year before pregnancy, n (%)
84 (31.58)
45 (37.19)
0.28
Smoking exposure, n (%)
24 (9.02)
8 (6.61)
0.42
Education (%)
0.35
Illiterate and primary
29.7
24.4
High school
41.3
48.8
Diploma and over
29.0
26.8
Housing ownership (yes), (%) History of abortion, n (%)
79.2
20.8
0.002
Building area (m2)
69
75
0.03
aValues are presented either as mean ± SD or n (%) for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively; bchi-square test and independent sample t-test were applied for categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively; .
