Maternal Dietary Patterns and Gestational Diabetes Risk: A Case-Control Study
Table 4
Participants’ characteristics according to dietary pattern scores in an Iranian GDM case-control study between 2009 and 2010, Tehran, Iran.
Characteristics
Western dietary patterna
Prudent dietary patterna
Low
High
Low
High
Age (years)
29.6 ± 4.3
29.8 ± 4.4
29.6 ± 4.3
29.8 ± 4.4
valueb
0.5
0.8
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
25.1 ± 3.5
25.9 ± 3.8
25.6 ± 3.9
25.4 ± 3.5
value
0.02
0.54
Gestational age (week)
30.5 ± 3.9
30.8 ± 4.1
30.5 ± 3.9
30.8 ± 4.1
value
0.56
0.50
Energy intake (kcal)
2489 ± 673
2984 ± 787
2275 ± 549
3194 ± 684
value
<0.001
<0.001
Family history of diabetes (%)
34.4
46.6
40.3
40.5
value
0.02
0.85
Smokers (%)
1.5
0
0.5
1.1
value
0.24
0.62
Physical activity (%)
Low
49.0
51.0
54.6
45.4
High
51.0
49.0
45.4
54.6
value
0.65
0.56
Education (%)
Illiterate and primary
5.5
8.3
9.7
4.1
High school
18.7
23.7
26.5
15.8
Diploma and over
75.8
68.0
63.8
80.1
value
0.49
0.005
aLow category comprises below median values, and high category corresponds to above median values; bvalues are presented either as mean ± SD or (%) for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively; .