Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: Why Should Cardiologists Care about That?

Table 1

Prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in different studies.

Reference	Year	N of subjects	Type of DM	Population	Diagnosis tests for CAN	Criteria applied	CAN prevalence (%)
O’Brien [44]	1991	506	Type 1	Mean age 45 years, mean DM duration 15 years	HRV: rest, deep breathing, Valsalva, lying to standing	2 or more test positive	17
Ziegler [59]	1992	647; 524	Type 1		HRV: coefficient of variations, spectral analysis, Valsalva, lying to standing	3 or more test positive	25.3
		524	Type 2				34.3
Kennedy [60]	1995	290	Type 1	Potential recipients of a pancreas transplant	Deep breathing	Single test positive	90
					Valsalva		88
Kempler [12]	2002	3007	Type 1	Mean age 32 years, mean DM duration 14 years	HR lying to standing, postural BP	Single test positive	36
Gaede [2]	2003	160	Type 2	Mean age 55 years, HbA1c 8.8% at baseline	Deep breathing, postural BP	Single test positive	27.5
Low [61]	2004	83	Type 1		Sudomotor axon-reflex test, Valsalva, BP and HR response to standing, deep breathing	2 or more test positive	54
		148	Type 2				73
Pop-Busui [5]	2010	620	Type 1—intensive treatment group	Mean age 47 years, mean DM duration 26 years	Deep breathing, Valsalva, postural BP	2 or more test positive	29
		591	Type 1—conventional treatment group				35

DM: diabetes mellitus; CAN: cardiac autonomic neuropathy; HRV: heart rate variability; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate.