Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: Why Should Cardiologists Care about That?

Table 2

Ewing’s tests and CAN diagnosis.

Test	Description
Expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio	The patient was asked to take deep breaths for 10 minutes with frequency about 6 breaths/min.
Valsalva maneuver	The patient was asked to blow into the special manometer to maintain the pressure at about 40 mmHg for 15 s.
Postural heart rate response: maximum-minimum (30 : 15 ratio)	Heart rate was measured in the horizontal position and again two minutes later after standing upright.
Postural blood pressure response	Blood pressure was measured in the horizontal position and after 1, 3, and 5 minutes after standing upright.
Isometric handgrip test	The patient was asked to grip the dynamometer for 5 minutes.