Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Using iPS Cells and Spice Polyphenols

Table 1

Summary of stem cell-based therapies.

Types of stem cells	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
iPS cells	Avoiding ethical question and immune rejection; potentially unlimited supply	Have carcinogenic effects	[28, 29]
Pancreatic stem cells	Partially differentiated toward β cells	Difficulty isolating cells and transdifferentiation factors	[28, 29, 32]
Hepatic stem cells	Ideal autologous source; endodermal origin	Difficulty achieving sufficient in vitro cell mass for use in transplant therapy	[28, 33]
Embryonic stem cells	Potentially unlimited supply; self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation	Ethical constraints; the possibility of forming teratomas; cause autoimmune response	[28, 29]
Spermatogonial stem cells	Potentially unlimited supply; avoiding ethical question; unlimited plasticity	No long-term studies; male centric	[28, 92]
Mesenchymal stem cells	Potentially unlimited supply; with multidirectional differentiation potential; autologous transplantation	Require chronic administration and adjunct therapy; effects are incomplete and temporary; their potential immunotolerance and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo are not clear	[28, 52]